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BIO 5C > 16-19 > Flashcards

16-19 Flashcards

1
Q

evolutionary synthesis

A

Mendel’s model of inheritance combined with
Darwin’s theory of natural selection

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2
Q

inheritance

A

how
traits are passed from
parents to offspring

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3
Q

blending model
of inheritance

A

the idea that genetic material from two parents blends together

Leads to the loss of variation

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4
Q

particulate model
of inheritance

A

the idea that parents pass on discrete heritable units

We now recognize those discrete heritable units as genes on chromosomes

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5
Q

True breeding

A

plants that produce offspring of the same variety when they self-pollinate

homozygous, can be either dominant or recessive

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6
Q

alleles

A

Alternative versions of
genes

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7
Q

genotype

A

organism’s genetic makeup

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8
Q

phenotype

A

organism’s physical appearance

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9
Q

diploid organisms

A

organisms with 2 copies of each chromosome

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10
Q

homozygote

A

when 2 alleles are same in organism

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11
Q

heterozygote

A

when 2 alleles are different in organism

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12
Q

dominant allele

A

fully expressed in organism’s phenotype, when paired with dominant or recessive

AA or Aa

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13
Q

recessive allele

A

expressed in organism’s phenotype when paired with only another recessive

aa

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14
Q

mendel’s law of segregation

A

The two alleles for each character segregate (separate) during gamete production such that 50% of gametes receive one allele and 50% receive the other allele

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15
Q

what happens to alleles during fusion of gametes?

A

alleles randomly reform pairs during fusion to make zygotes

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16
Q

punnett squares

A

can be used to see/predict patterns of inheritance using same ruled of probability

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17
Q

monohybrid cross

A

cross between organisms for 1 character

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18
Q

dihybrid cross

A

cross between organisms to determine if 2 characters are transmitted to offspring together or independently

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19
Q

2 hypotheses of dihybrid crosses

A

dependent assortment - alleles for 2 traits will be inherited together

independent assortment - alleles for 2 traits inherited independently

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20
Q

mendel’s law of independent assortment

A

Each pair of alleles segregates independently of any other pair of alleles during gamete formation

Past results of random events don’t affect future results

law only applies to genes on different chromosomes or far apart on same chromosome

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21
Q

complete dominance

A

when phenotypes of the heterozygote and dominant homozygote are identical

p1(red) + p2(blue) –> f1(red)

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22
Q

incomplete dominance

A

the phenotype of F1 hybrids is somewhere between the phenotypes of the two parental varieties

p1(red) + p2(blue) –> f1(purple)

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23
Q

codominance

A

two alleles affect the phenotype in separate, distinguishable ways

p1(red) + p2(blue) –> f1(red and blue)

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24
Q

dominance relationship in blood

A

codominant, IA and IB

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25
pleiotropy
genes that have multiple phenotypic effects, most genes are pleiotropic ex. gene 1 coded for eye color, glycogen prod. in liver, thickness of aorta
26
epistasis
one gene affects the phenotype of another due to interaction of their gene products gene1 x gene 2 --> phenotype
27
polygenic inheritance
multiple genes independently affect a single trait gene 1 --> gene 2 --> phenotype gene 3 -->
28
qualitative characters
those that have a few discrete types ex. eye color
29
quantitative characters
those that vary in the population along a continuum ex. height
30
Phenotypic plasticity
the ability of an organism to change in response to stimuli or inputs from the environment
31
Phenotypic plasticity
the ability of an organism to change in response to stimuli or inputs from the environment
32
multifactorial traits
Traits that depend on multiple genes combined with environmental influences
33
multifactorial traits
Traits that depend on multiple genes combined with environmental influences, can also cause diseases like cancer, alcoholism, etc. ex. human skin color
34
why are humans not good subjects for genetic research?
generation time too long, relatively few offspring, breeding experiments unacceptable
35
primary sources of mutations
errors during DNA replication errors during chromosomal segregation (meiosis) mutagens (radiation, UV light)
36
nondisjunction
chromosomes fail to correctly separate during meiosis
37
aneuploidy
unequal numbers of chromosomes, e.g. a duplicate or missing chromosome (result of non-disjunction)
38
somatic mutations
occur in the body tissues of an organism, and are not transmitted to the next generation
39
Germline mutations
occur in the gametes (e.g. sperm or eggs) and are transmitted to offspring; mutations that matter for evolution
40
gene pool
consists of all copies of every allele at the loci of interest in all members of the population
41
polymorphic
Populations and gene pools with more than one allele
42
allele frequency
proportion of a specific allele out of the total number of alleles in the gene pool
43
allele frequencies equation
p + q = 1
44
four processes that change allele frequencies
Mutation, Drift, Migration & Selection
45
random mating
every individual has as equal and independent chance of mating with every other individual
46
HWE can only be achieved if pop is
not evolving, random mating genotype, allele freqs will be constant from gen to gen in pop
47
HWE can be used to
test if pop is evolving
48
HW equation
p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1 describes expected genetic makeup for population that's not evolving
49
null model
pop that is not evolving, random mating (Hardy-Weinberg), describes expectation in absence of process we are interested in
50
conditions for HWE
no selection no mutation no drift (large pop size) no migration random mating
51
genetic drift
the random change of allele frequencies from one generation to the next due to random sampling main driver of most evolutionary change at genetic level
52
haploid
individual only have single copy of their genes (ex. only A or a)
53
fertilization lottery
only one of the two alleles of each gene, chosen at random, is transmitted to each offspring (meiosis + fertilization)
54
fertilization lottery
only one of the two alleles of each gene, chosen at random, is transmitted to each offspring (meiosis + fertilization)
55
buri drift experiment
The Buri experiment tracks eye color in flies across multiple generations of random sampling in multiple populations Eye color is neutral in the lab (and there is no mutation or migration), so any allele frequency changes are due to drift alone
56
what types of populations do drift have a greater effect?
smaller populations smaller the sample we take, the larger the average deviation from the current frequencies
57
2 forms where drift can be magnified
founder effect, bottleneck effect drift can be accelerated if pop size suddenly decreases
58
founder effect
when a small number of individuals become isolated from a larger population pop of 100, 10 --> new place
59
bottleneck effect
magnification of the effect of genetic drift due to a reduction in size within a population original pop: 100 (50B 50W), event happens, surviving pop: 50 (30B 20W), event happens, surviving pop: 25 (15B, 10W), etc.
60
how does genetic drift affect genetic variation?
genetic variation decreases within pop, can result in fixation of alleles

BIO 5C (4 decks)

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