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BIO 5C > 16-19 > Flashcards

16-19 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

evolutionary synthesis

A

Mendel’s model of inheritance combined with
Darwin’s theory of natural selection

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2
Q

inheritance

A

how
traits are passed from
parents to offspring

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3
Q

blending model
of inheritance

A

the idea that genetic material from two parents blends together

Leads to the loss of variation

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4
Q

particulate model
of inheritance

A

the idea that parents pass on discrete heritable units

We now recognize those discrete heritable units as genes on chromosomes

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5
Q

True breeding

A

plants that produce offspring of the same variety when they self-pollinate

homozygous, can be either dominant or recessive

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6
Q

alleles

A

Alternative versions of
genes

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7
Q

genotype

A

organism’s genetic makeup

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8
Q

phenotype

A

organism’s physical appearance

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9
Q

diploid organisms

A

organisms with 2 copies of each chromosome

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10
Q

homozygote

A

when 2 alleles are same in organism

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11
Q

heterozygote

A

when 2 alleles are different in organism

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12
Q

dominant allele

A

fully expressed in organism’s phenotype, when paired with dominant or recessive

AA or Aa

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13
Q

recessive allele

A

expressed in organism’s phenotype when paired with only another recessive

aa

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14
Q

mendel’s law of segregation

A

The two alleles for each character segregate (separate) during gamete production such that 50% of gametes receive one allele and 50% receive the other allele

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15
Q

what happens to alleles during fusion of gametes?

A

alleles randomly reform pairs during fusion to make zygotes

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16
Q

punnett squares

A

can be used to see/predict patterns of inheritance using same ruled of probability

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17
Q

monohybrid cross

A

cross between organisms for 1 character

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18
Q

dihybrid cross

A

cross between organisms to determine if 2 characters are transmitted to offspring together or independently

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19
Q

2 hypotheses of dihybrid crosses

A

dependent assortment - alleles for 2 traits will be inherited together

independent assortment - alleles for 2 traits inherited independently

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20
Q

mendel’s law of independent assortment

A

Each pair of alleles segregates independently of any other pair of alleles during gamete formation

Past results of random events don’t affect future results

law only applies to genes on different chromosomes or far apart on same chromosome

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21
Q

complete dominance

A

when phenotypes of the heterozygote and dominant homozygote are identical

p1(red) + p2(blue) –> f1(red)

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22
Q

incomplete dominance

A

the phenotype of F1 hybrids is somewhere between the phenotypes of the two parental varieties

p1(red) + p2(blue) –> f1(purple)

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23
Q

codominance

A

two alleles affect the phenotype in separate, distinguishable ways

p1(red) + p2(blue) –> f1(red and blue)

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24
Q

dominance relationship in blood

A

codominant, IA and IB

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25
Q

pleiotropy

A

genes that have multiple phenotypic effects, most genes are pleiotropic

ex. gene 1 coded for eye color, glycogen prod. in liver, thickness of aorta

26
Q

epistasis

A

one gene affects the phenotype of another due to interaction of their gene products

gene1 x gene 2 –> phenotype

27
Q

polygenic inheritance

A

multiple genes independently affect a single trait

gene 1 –>
gene 2 –> phenotype
gene 3 –>

28
Q

qualitative characters

A

those that have a few discrete types
ex. eye color

29
Q

quantitative characters

A

those that vary in the population along a continuum
ex. height

30
Q

Phenotypic plasticity

A

the ability of an organism to change in response to stimuli or inputs from the environment

31
Q

Phenotypic plasticity

A

the ability of an organism to change in response to stimuli or inputs from the environment

32
Q

multifactorial traits

A

Traits that depend on
multiple genes combined
with environmental
influences

33
Q

multifactorial traits

A

Traits that depend on multiple genes combined with environmental influences, can also cause diseases like cancer, alcoholism, etc.
ex. human skin color

34
Q

why are humans not good subjects for genetic research?

A

generation time too long, relatively few offspring, breeding experiments unacceptable

35
Q

primary sources of mutations

A

errors during DNA replication

errors during chromosomal segregation (meiosis)

mutagens (radiation, UV light)

36
Q

nondisjunction

A

chromosomes fail to correctly separate during meiosis

37
Q

aneuploidy

A

unequal numbers of chromosomes, e.g. a duplicate or missing chromosome (result of non-disjunction)

38
Q

somatic mutations

A

occur in the body tissues of an organism, and are not transmitted to the next generation

39
Q

Germline mutations

A

occur in the gametes (e.g. sperm or eggs) and are transmitted to offspring; mutations that matter for evolution

40
Q

gene pool

A

consists of all copies of every allele at the loci of interest in all members of the population

41
Q

polymorphic

A

Populations and gene pools with more than one allele

42
Q

allele frequency

A

proportion of a specific allele out of the total number of alleles in the gene pool

43
Q

allele frequencies equation

A

p + q = 1

44
Q

four processes that change allele frequencies

A

Mutation, Drift, Migration & Selection

45
Q

random mating

A

every individual has as equal and independent chance of mating with every other individual

46
Q

HWE can only be achieved if pop is

A

not evolving, random mating

genotype, allele freqs will be constant from gen to gen in pop

47
Q

HWE can be used to

A

test if pop is evolving

48
Q

HW equation

A

p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1

describes expected genetic makeup for population that’s not evolving

49
Q

null model

A

pop that is not evolving, random mating (Hardy-Weinberg), describes expectation in absence of process we are interested in

50
Q

conditions for HWE

A

no selection
no mutation
no drift (large pop size)
no migration
random mating

51
Q

genetic drift

A

the random change of allele frequencies from one generation to the next due to random sampling

main driver of most evolutionary change at genetic level

52
Q

haploid

A

individual only have single copy of their genes (ex. only A or a)

53
Q

fertilization lottery

A

only one of the two alleles of each gene, chosen at random, is transmitted to each offspring (meiosis + fertilization)

54
Q

fertilization lottery

A

only one of the two alleles of each gene, chosen at random, is transmitted to each offspring (meiosis + fertilization)

55
Q

buri drift experiment

A

The Buri experiment tracks eye color in flies across multiple generations of random sampling in multiple populations

Eye color is neutral in the lab (and there is no mutation or migration), so any allele frequency changes are due to drift alone

56
Q

what types of populations do drift have a greater effect?

A

smaller populations

smaller the sample we take, the larger the average deviation from the current frequencies

57
Q

2 forms where drift can be magnified

A

founder effect, bottleneck effect

drift can be accelerated if pop size suddenly decreases

58
Q

founder effect

A

when a small number of individuals become isolated from a larger population

pop of 100, 10 –> new place

59
Q

bottleneck effect

A

magnification of the effect of genetic
drift due to a reduction in size within a population

original pop: 100 (50B 50W), event happens, surviving pop: 50 (30B 20W), event happens, surviving pop: 25 (15B, 10W), etc.

60
Q

how does genetic drift affect genetic variation?

A

genetic variation decreases within pop, can result in fixation of alleles

BIO 5C (4 decks)

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