15A: Therapeutic Drugs Flashcards
What are the four criteria for abnormal behaviour?
Deviant (violating social norms), personally distressing, maladaptive and statistically rare.
What are the two models of comorbidity?
Self-medication hypothesis (negative reinforcement model): attempts to reduce anxiety via substance use lead to the development of comorbid substance use disorders.
Primary addiction hypothesis (positive reinforcement model): substance use comorbidity is independent process arising from common neuropathological root.
Mood disorders increase vulnerability to drug abuse and addiction. What can reduce it?
Diagnosis and treatment of the mood disorder can reduce the risk of subsequent drug use.
The rate of smoking in patients with schizophrenia has been reported as high as what? What is an effective treatment?
90%.
Clozapine effective treatment for schizophrenia and reduces number of cigarettes smoked.
What is the medical model of mental illness? List two criticisms.
Model: symptoms → diagnosis → determination of cause → treatment → cure.
Symptoms of mental disorders are mainly behavioural. Behaviours are ever changing, difficult to measure.
How does the medical model of mental illness influence current thinking?
Psychoactive drug therapy predominant strategy to control symptoms of mental illness. Research emphasis on identifying chemical imbalances associated with specific mental disorder.
Introduction of _____ in 1955 and, later, many new antipsychotic drugs reduced drastically number of patients in psychiatric hospitals.
Chlorpromazine.
What are five ways in which we view recreation drugs differently from pharmaceutical?
Pharma drugs thought of as helpful, rec drugs as harmful.
Research on side effects, toxicity, effectiveness, etc, is well-documented for pharma drugs. History often tests rec drugs.
Barriers to type of research with pharma and rec drugs.
Drug patents not often possible for rec drugs.
Qualifications for making these are VERY different.
List six ways in which recreational drugs and pharmaceutical drugs are similar.
Both are psychoactive.
Both carry stigma in that they are drugs and are therefore exogenous treatment.
Both can have addictive potential.
Both can treat mental illness.
Interchangeability.
Both are viewed as drugs (in contrast to herbals).
Give an example of why misuse of psychotropic pharmaceuticals is difficult to control.
Patient pain level is estimated depending on the self-report. Lack of instrumental diagnostic methods to quantify the severity of pain in humans.
What are six methods in which abusers acquire prescription opioids?
Obtaining a prescription from a single physician.
“Double doctoring.”
Prescription fraud.
Theft.
Street drug markets.
Internet purchases.
How are pharmaceuticals dangerous water contaminants? List the three main groups found in waste water that may have an impact on wildlife.
Most dangerous are pharmaceuticals that are active at low concentrations. Within the range to affect development and reproductive success of fish and amphibian species.
Hormones widely used for birth control.
SSRIs.
Fungicides, used in personal care products such as anti-dandruff shampoos and anti-fungal skin ointments.
