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A-Level Biology > 15.8 Kidney failure > Flashcards

15.8 Kidney failure Flashcards

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1
Q

What are kidney problems caused by high blood pressure?

A

Protein in the urine

Blood in the urine

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2
Q

How does protein get into the urine?

A

High blood pressure

Basement membrane or podocytes of Bowman’s capsule damaged

No longer act as filters

Large plasma membranes pass into FILTRATE then into urine

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3
Q

What does blood in the urine show?

A

Symptom of filtering process not working properly

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4
Q

What happens if the kidneys fail COMPLETELY?

A

Urea and mineral ion concentration in body builds up

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5
Q

What are effects of the kidneys failing completely?

LEB
TUB (Heartbeat sound)
HBP

WB
PSJ
A
(Welcome Back, Princess Sarah-Jane Anne!)

A

Loss of electrolyte balance

Toxic urea build-up in blood

High blood pressure

Weakened bones

Pain and stiffness in joints

Anemia

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6
Q

How does kidney failure lead to loss of electrolyte balance?

A

Kidney failure

Body cannot EXCRETE sodium, potassium and chloride ions

Osmotic imbalances in tissues

Eventual death

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7
Q

How is build-up of toxic urea in the blood an effect kidney failure?

A

Body cannot get rid of urea

Poison cells

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8
Q

How do the kidneys control blood pressure?

A

Maintain water balance of blood

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9
Q

What can high blood pressure CAUSED BY kidney failure do?

A

Blood pressure increases

Heart problems and strokes

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10
Q

How does kidney failure cause bones to weaken?

A

Calcium/phosphorus balance in blood is lost

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11
Q

Why does kidney failure cause pain and stiffness in the joints?

A

Abnormal proteins build up in blood

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12
Q

What hormone does the kidneys produce?

A

Erythropoietin

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13
Q

What is the function of erythropoietin?

A

Stimulates formation of red blood cells

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14
Q

How does kidney failure cause anaemia?

A

Less erythropoietin produced

Less red blood cells formed

Tiredness and lethargy

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15
Q

What is GFR?

A

Glomerular filtration rate

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16
Q

What is the glomerular filtration rate?

A

Rate at which blood is filtered in Bowman’s capsule of the nephrons

17
Q

What is GFR used for?

A

A measure to indicate kidney disease

18
Q

What is eGFR?

A

Estimated glomerular filtration rate

19
Q

What is creatinine?

A

Breakdown product of muscles

20
Q

What does measuring the level of creatinine in the blood give?

A

eGFR

21
Q

What are the units for eGFR?

A

cm3/min

22
Q

What shows the kidneys are not working properly?

A

Level of creatinine in blood GOES UP

23
Q

What factors need to be taken into account when calculating the GFR?

A

GFR decreases steadily with age even in healthy people

Men have more muscle mass and more creatinine

24
Q

What are he thresholds for GFR?

A

70 normal

60 for 3 months shows moderate / severe CHRONIC kidney disease

Below 15 kidney failure

25
Q

What are the two main ways kidney failure is treated?

A

Renal dialysis

Transplant

26
Q

What happens in renal dialysis?

A

Function of kidneys carried out artificially

27
Q

What are the two main types of dialysis?

A

Haemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis

28
Q

What happens to blood in a dialysis machine?

A

Blood enters dialysis machine from patient’s ARTERY

Flows between partially permeable dialysis membranes

29
Q

What do the partially permeable dialysis membranes mimic?

A

Basement membrane of Bowman’s capsule

30
Q

What is special about the concentrations of the dialysis fluid?

A

Normal plasma levels of glucose so no net movement out of blood

Normal plasma levels of mineral ions so excess diffuses into dialysis fluid

Restores electrolyte balance of blood

No urea

Steep concentration gradient

Most urea leaves the blood

31
Q

How is EXCHANGE maximised in a dialysis machine?

A

Blood and dialysis fluid flow in opposite directions

Maintains countercurrent exchange system

Exchange maximised

32
Q

What process allows substances to move between the dialysis fluid and the blood?

A

Diffusion down concentration gradient

33
Q

What are the disadvantages of haemodialsysis?

DFTW
Don’t Forget To Work!

A

Diet, Fluid, Time, Weekly

Manage diets carefully
E.g. eat little protein and salt

Monitor fluid intake

Eight hours process

Several times a week

34
Q

What is peritoneal dialysis?

A

Dialysis done inside body using peritoneum

35
Q

What is the peritoneum?

A

Lining of abdomen

36
Q

How long is the dialysis fluid left in the peritoneal membranes for?

A

Several hours

A-Level Biology (35 decks)

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