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BIOLOGY chapter 15 > 15.5 The Kidney > Flashcards

15.5 The Kidney Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the two main homeostatic roles that the kidneys play

A
  • excretion (filter nitrogenous waste products out of the blood)
  • osmoregulation (maintain water balance+pH of the blood)
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2
Q

describe the blood supply to the kidney

A
  • supplied by the renal arteries which branch off from the abdominal aorta
  • removed by the renal vein that drains into the inferior vena cava
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3
Q

how much blood do the kidneys filter in a day and how much urine is produced

A
  • 180dm3 blood filtered

- 1-2dm3 urine produced

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4
Q

what does urine pass out of the kidney through

A

ureters

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5
Q

what are the millions of structures that make up the kidneys called

A
  • nephrons

- act as filtering units

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6
Q

where is urine stored and how much

A

the bladder can store 400-600cm3

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7
Q

what does urine pass out of the body through

A

the urethra

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8
Q

describe the cortex

A
  • dark outer layer
  • filtering of blood takes place
  • dense capillary network (renal artery –> nephrons)
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9
Q

describe the medulla

A
  • lighter than the cortex
  • contains tubules of nephrons
  • collecting ducts
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10
Q

describe the pelvis

A
  • central chamber where urine collects
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11
Q

what happens in the nephrons

A
  • blood is filtered
  • nitrogenous wastes removed
  • mineral ions and water is balanced
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12
Q

describe the bowman’s capsule

A
  • cup-shaped

- contains glomerulus

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13
Q

describe the proximal convoluted tubule

A
  • first coiled region of the tubule
  • in the cortex
  • many substances needed are reabsorbed
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14
Q

describe the loop of henle

A
  • long loop of tubule

- creates high solute conc in the tissue fluid in the medulla

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15
Q

describe the distal convoluted tubule

A
  • second twisted tubule
  • fine-tuning of water balance
  • permeability of walls varies to levels of ADH
  • further regulation of ion balance and blood pH
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16
Q

describe the collecting duct

A
  • urine passes down it through the medulla to the pelvis
  • fine-tuning of water balance
  • walls sensitive to ADH
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17
Q

what’s different in the blood that leaves the kidney

A
  • reduced levels of urea
  • similar levels of glucose/amino acids/ substances needed
  • mineral ion conc restored to ideal levels
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18
Q

why might there be slightly less glucose in blood that leaves the kidney

A

used in selective reabsorption

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19
Q

how is blood pressure maintained in the capillaries in the glomerulus

A

afferent arteriole is wider than the efferent arteriole so blood is forced out through the capillary wall

20
Q

which arteriole goes into the glomerulus

A

afferent arteriole

21
Q

which arteriole leaves the glomerulus

A

efferent arteriole

22
Q

describe the basement membrane

A
  • made up of a network of collagen fibres and other proteins

- most plasma contents pass through but blood cells/proteins are too big

23
Q

what cells make up the wall of the Bowman’s capsule

A

podocytes

24
Q

describe podocytes and their function

A
  • extensions called pedicels that wrap around capillaries and make slits
  • stop any cells, platelets, large plasma cells from going into the tubule
25
Q

what is the glomerular filtration rate

A

volume of blood filtered through the kidneys in a given time

26
Q

how efficient is ultrafiltration

A

20% of water and solutes removed from the plasma

27
Q

outline ultrafiltration

A
  1. afferent arterial is wider to maintain blood pressure and force blood out
  2. basement membrane stops larger molecules passing through
  3. podocytes act as an additional filter
28
Q

what is the main function of the nephron after the bowman’s capsule

A

return most of the filtered substances back to the blood

29
Q

what happens in the proximal convoluted tubule

A
  • glucose, amino acids, vitamins, hormones from filtrate move back into the blood by active transport
  • 85% NaCl and H2O is reabsorbed (Na=active transport, Cl and H20=down conc gradient)
30
Q

what are the adaptations of the cells lining the proximal convoluted tubule

A
  • covered with microvilli to increase SA

- many mitochondria to provide ATP for active transport

31
Q

how are steep conc gradients maintained in the capillaries

A

constant blood flow

32
Q

what is the filtrate at the end of the proximal convoluted tubule

A

isotonic with blood

33
Q

how much of the glomerular filtrate gets reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule

A

80%

34
Q

what does the loop of henle enable mammals to do

A

produce urine more concentrated than the blood

35
Q

what part of the descending loop is permeable/impermeable to water

A
  • upper part = permeable to water

- lower part = impermeable to water

36
Q

describe what happens to the filtrate in the descending loop

A

travels down, water passes out into tissue fluid by osmosis and then into the vasa recta

37
Q

what is the descending loop not permeable to

A

sodium and chloride ions

38
Q

what is the fluid that reaches the hairpin bend

A

very concentrated and hypertonic to the blood

39
Q

what happens in the first part of the ascending limb of the loop of henle

A
  • permeable to sodium and chloride ions

- move out of the solution by diffusion

40
Q

what happens in the second part of the ascending limb of the loop of henle

A
  • sodium and chloride ions are actively pumped out into the medulla tissue fluid
41
Q

what happens to fluid left in the ascending limb and why

A
  • impermeable to water

- fluids becomes increasingly dilute

42
Q

what happens to the medulla tissue fluid

A
  • becomes concentrated with ions essential to produce conc urine
  • key part of the countercurrent multiplier system
43
Q

how are cells lining the distal convoluted tubule adapted

A

many mitochondria to carry out active transport

44
Q

what happens in the distal convoluted tubule

A
  • water needs are balanced
  • permeability of walls varies with levels of ADH
  • balances pH of blood
45
Q

what happens in the collecting duct

A
  • conc and volume of urine product is determined

- permeability is controlled by ADH

46
Q

describe the loop of henle in fish and desert animals

A
  • fish = no loop of henle

- desert animals = very long loop of henle

BIOLOGY chapter 15 (8 decks)

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