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BIOLOGY chapter 15 > 15.5 The Kidney > Flashcards

15.5 The Kidney Flashcards

1
Q

what are the two main homeostatic roles that the kidneys play

A
  • excretion (filter nitrogenous waste products out of the blood)
  • osmoregulation (maintain water balance+pH of the blood)
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2
Q

describe the blood supply to the kidney

A
  • supplied by the renal arteries which branch off from the abdominal aorta
  • removed by the renal vein that drains into the inferior vena cava
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3
Q

how much blood do the kidneys filter in a day and how much urine is produced

A
  • 180dm3 blood filtered

- 1-2dm3 urine produced

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4
Q

what does urine pass out of the kidney through

A

ureters

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5
Q

what are the millions of structures that make up the kidneys called

A
  • nephrons

- act as filtering units

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6
Q

where is urine stored and how much

A

the bladder can store 400-600cm3

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7
Q

what does urine pass out of the body through

A

the urethra

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8
Q

describe the cortex

A
  • dark outer layer
  • filtering of blood takes place
  • dense capillary network (renal artery –> nephrons)
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9
Q

describe the medulla

A
  • lighter than the cortex
  • contains tubules of nephrons
  • collecting ducts
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10
Q

describe the pelvis

A
  • central chamber where urine collects
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11
Q

what happens in the nephrons

A
  • blood is filtered
  • nitrogenous wastes removed
  • mineral ions and water is balanced
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12
Q

describe the bowman’s capsule

A
  • cup-shaped

- contains glomerulus

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13
Q

describe the proximal convoluted tubule

A
  • first coiled region of the tubule
  • in the cortex
  • many substances needed are reabsorbed
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14
Q

describe the loop of henle

A
  • long loop of tubule

- creates high solute conc in the tissue fluid in the medulla

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15
Q

describe the distal convoluted tubule

A
  • second twisted tubule
  • fine-tuning of water balance
  • permeability of walls varies to levels of ADH
  • further regulation of ion balance and blood pH
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16
Q

describe the collecting duct

A
  • urine passes down it through the medulla to the pelvis
  • fine-tuning of water balance
  • walls sensitive to ADH
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17
Q

what’s different in the blood that leaves the kidney

A
  • reduced levels of urea
  • similar levels of glucose/amino acids/ substances needed
  • mineral ion conc restored to ideal levels
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18
Q

why might there be slightly less glucose in blood that leaves the kidney

A

used in selective reabsorption

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19
Q

how is blood pressure maintained in the capillaries in the glomerulus

A

afferent arteriole is wider than the efferent arteriole so blood is forced out through the capillary wall

20
Q

which arteriole goes into the glomerulus

A

afferent arteriole

21
Q

which arteriole leaves the glomerulus

A

efferent arteriole

22
Q

describe the basement membrane

A
  • made up of a network of collagen fibres and other proteins

- most plasma contents pass through but blood cells/proteins are too big

23
Q

what cells make up the wall of the Bowman’s capsule

24
Q

describe podocytes and their function

A
  • extensions called pedicels that wrap around capillaries and make slits
  • stop any cells, platelets, large plasma cells from going into the tubule
25
what is the glomerular filtration rate
volume of blood filtered through the kidneys in a given time
26
how efficient is ultrafiltration
20% of water and solutes removed from the plasma
27
outline ultrafiltration
1. afferent arterial is wider to maintain blood pressure and force blood out 2. basement membrane stops larger molecules passing through 3. podocytes act as an additional filter
28
what is the main function of the nephron after the bowman's capsule
return most of the filtered substances back to the blood
29
what happens in the proximal convoluted tubule
- glucose, amino acids, vitamins, hormones from filtrate move back into the blood by active transport - 85% NaCl and H2O is reabsorbed (Na=active transport, Cl and H20=down conc gradient)
30
what are the adaptations of the cells lining the proximal convoluted tubule
- covered with microvilli to increase SA | - many mitochondria to provide ATP for active transport
31
how are steep conc gradients maintained in the capillaries
constant blood flow
32
what is the filtrate at the end of the proximal convoluted tubule
isotonic with blood
33
how much of the glomerular filtrate gets reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule
80%
34
what does the loop of henle enable mammals to do
produce urine more concentrated than the blood
35
what part of the descending loop is permeable/impermeable to water
- upper part = permeable to water | - lower part = impermeable to water
36
describe what happens to the filtrate in the descending loop
travels down, water passes out into tissue fluid by osmosis and then into the vasa recta
37
what is the descending loop not permeable to
sodium and chloride ions
38
what is the fluid that reaches the hairpin bend
very concentrated and hypertonic to the blood
39
what happens in the first part of the ascending limb of the loop of henle
- permeable to sodium and chloride ions | - move out of the solution by diffusion
40
what happens in the second part of the ascending limb of the loop of henle
- sodium and chloride ions are actively pumped out into the medulla tissue fluid
41
what happens to fluid left in the ascending limb and why
- impermeable to water | - fluids becomes increasingly dilute
42
what happens to the medulla tissue fluid
- becomes concentrated with ions essential to produce conc urine - key part of the countercurrent multiplier system
43
how are cells lining the distal convoluted tubule adapted
many mitochondria to carry out active transport
44
what happens in the distal convoluted tubule
- water needs are balanced - permeability of walls varies with levels of ADH - balances pH of blood
45
what happens in the collecting duct
- conc and volume of urine product is determined | - permeability is controlled by ADH
46
describe the loop of henle in fish and desert animals
- fish = no loop of henle | - desert animals = very long loop of henle

BIOLOGY chapter 15 (8 decks)

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