1510-1547 Flashcards
What was the renewal of treaty of etaples
Alliance between England and France organised by Henry’s councillors
How did Henry defy treaty of etaples
He formed an anti-french alliance by joining the holy league in 1511
League of Cambrai
Why did the the 1512 french invasion fail
Insecure alliance with Ferdinand meant he didn’t give the support promised
What happened in the first french invasion
Thomas Grey sent 10000 men to reconquer Aquitaine which was lost in 100 year war
Ferdinand captured Navarre instead leaving English soldiers starving an defeated
What happened at the battle of Spurs
Henry and Maximilian sent 30000 troops to besiege thouranne. Successful- resulted in the capture of thouranne and tournai
Failures of battle of spurs
Expensive- Henry had to liquidate assets from inheritance
Led to discontent in Yorkshire due to loss of french pension
Tournai later returned to France
What happened at the battle of flidden
James IV and 30000 troops besieged English castles on border
Earl of Surrey and 26000 troops defeated the Scots and killed James
What was the problem with the battle of flodden
Henry didn’t use the success and vulnerable position of Scotland to his advantage
What was considered in 1514
Another french campaign but Ferdinand and Maximilian made peace which forced Wolsey to have to renegotiate french pension and secure a marriage alliance
What marriage alliance occurred in 1515
Louis XII of France and Mary’s marriage
What was the issue with Mary and Louis’ marriage?
He died in 1516 and Mary married the duke of Suffolk, meaning she was invaluable for diplomatic purposes
Why didn’t Henry react after the battle of flidden
He ran out of money, meaning he needed to remain allies with France
1514-1526= minority power
Auld alliance between Scotland and France remained strong
What happens in 1515
Francis succeeds Louis which Henry saw as a threat - henry wanted an alliance with Ferdinand
Who is Ferdinand succeeded by
Charles V- wanted an alliance with France
What was the treat of noyon
1516- alliance between Francis and Charles
What was the treaty of Cambrai
Treat between Charles and Maximilian and Francis- peace between HRE
Consequence of the treaty of Cambrai
Left England isolated
France undermine Anglo-Scot relations through Duke of Albany (part of French nobility)
Threat minimised due to Scottish divisions among nobility- Henry didn’t exploit divisions
Who was Duke of Albany
Presumptive Scottish heir- part of french nobility
What happened in the treaty of London
Non aggression pact between England, France, Spain, HRE.
Tournai returned to France and french pension continued
Purpose of treaty of London
Organised by Wolsey to end English isolation
Prompted by pope Leo X who wanted a Christian front against ottoman Turks
How did Charles I election as HRE affect French attitudes
They were concerned over the amount of power he had
What happened at the Field of the cloth of gold
Lavish 2 week event for Henry and Francis
Diplomatically nothing achieved
Did achieve honour and glory
How much was spent of the FoCoG
£15000
Who was involved in the treaty of Burges
England and Spain
Motives for treaty of bruges
Improve papal relations
Gain french territory
Form marriage alliance between Mary and Charles
What did the treaty of Burges lead to
2nd french war campaign
What happened in the 2nd french campaign
English troops partnered with Charles to defeat France but were unsuccessful
Issues caused by the 2nd french campaign
Expensive- caused a dry spell of campaigns
Parliament refused to raise extraordinary revenue
What did Henry do after seeing Charles’ success in the battle of pavia
Suggested they both invade northern France for territorial gains
Charles refused
What was the effects of the amicable grant
Revealed the public’s dislike for the venture and led to fall of Wolsey
Led to Suffolk rebellion
Why was pavia important
Crucial in Italian wars- Francis captured by Charles V and the battle revealed Charles’ power
Consequences of battle of pavia
Bruised ego
Resentment for Charles when he ended marriage agreement
Wolsey prestige decreased domestically
What was the league of Cognac
Anti imperial alliance set up by pope who was concerned at the amount of power Charles obtained
Pro-France
Why was the league of cognac bad for Henry
He couldn’t be enemies with Charles whilst the great matter was occurring
He couldn’t solve GM issues diplomatically, showing him as a minor power
What happened in the Sack of Rome?
Pope Clement kidnapped by Charles (showing his power)
What was the treaty of Amien
England forced to make french alliance (anti imperial)
What did Wolsey do in 1527 to pressurise the the Emperor
Imposed trade embargos with Burgundian lands- Charles retaliation led to unemployment and social issues in England
What happened in 1929
France defeated Landriano
What was the peace of Cambrai
Ended war between Francis and Charles and confirmed Spanish hegemony in Italy
Showed Charles dominance over the pope
What did Charles’ strength endure for Henry (1929)
Ensured Henry couldn’t resolve his marital issues diplomatically.
Who did Henry blame his failure on the great matter on
Wolsey, leading to his downfall
Who created an alliance in 1532
Defender alliance between France and England
Both weak but hoped to apply pressure on Charles
When did England and Frances’ defence alliance deteriorate
When Francis sought a marriage between his son and the Pope’s niece Catherine de Merci
What happened in 1533
Break with Rome began
How threatening was the break with Rome for Henry
Not very because Charles was preoccupied with the Ottoman Turks
What was the league of schmalkadic
(1533) Protestant alliance to reinforce Henry’s position
What was the effect of the death of Catherine and Anne on henry?
It was good because it created an opportunity to renew alliance with HRE
When was the renewal of fighting between Charles and Francis and how did this affect Henry
1536
Reduced potential for danger (created from England’s isolated position
What did the effect of the truce of nice have on Henry
Short lived relief as it meant France and spin had made peace once again
What did pope Paul III publish
A bull encouraging catholics to obey god over their ruler
Who did the pope send envoys to and what did
France and Scotland, encouraging a Catholic crusade
Why wasn’t there much of a threat of a Catholic crusade
Francis and Charles still didn’t trust each-other and had other priorities
What shoes Henry took the threat of a crusade seriously
Six articles act (1539)
Marriage to Anne of cleves (1540)
What Alliance surrounded his marriage to Anne
2nd attempt at alliance with the schmalkadic league
Was the schmalkadic league alliance long term
No it dissolved quickly
Francis and Charles ended their friendship making Henry’s marriage less important anyway
How does foreign policy change from 1530s to 1540s
Returns to more aggressive foreign policy
What occurs in the battle of Solway moss
15000 Scots v 3000 English
Scots were unorganised and lost
James v died
Cause of the battle of Solway moss
James v refused to break with Rome
James married Mary of Guise -relative of french king- pro-French policy
Effects of the battle of Solway moss
1 week old baby left as Scottish heir- leaving Scotland vulnerable
Henry didn’t invade when he could have and turned to diplomatic pressure instead
His focus was on glory in France
What was the reason for the ‘rough wooing’
To form a marriage alliance between Mary QoS and Prince Edward
What did the rough wooing result in
Treaty of Greenwich- formally declared the betrothed
What was a failure surrounding the treaty of Greenwich
Scottish Parliament refused to ratify treaty
What did Scottish Parliament’s refusal lead to
Earl of Hertford to Cary out a raid in Edinburgh, Lutin, and St. Andrews
What happened in the capture of bolougne (1544)
Henry agreed alliance with Charles
Army confined itself to Calais, capturing Boulogne
What did England unsuccessfully besiege in the Scottish invasion
Montreuil
What was a problem once England had captured Boulogne
Francis and Charles had made peace
How did the situation worsen for Henry in 1545
Francis sent troops to Scotland to reinforce possible Scottish invasion of England
What was the result of the battle of Ancrum Moor
Defeated (Scottish war)
Where was the french counter invasion and when?
Isle of Wight
1545
Positives in 1546 (after french and Scottish invasions)
French failed to recapture Boulogne
Invasion of Northern England never materialised
Agreed peace as neither side could afford more war
Negatives found in 1546
Henry was unable to find war with extraordinary revenue - had to sell lots of crown estate and debase the coinage
What was the Peace of Ardes
Peace treaty signed in 1546 between France and England
How many prisoners were taken at the battle of solway moss
1000
How many troops at the capture of Boulogne
48,000 to Calais
Where did Charles and Francis’ peace treaty take place in the capture of Boulogne
Treaty at Crepy
How much did war against France cost
£2 million
