15: Versailles to Berlin: Diplomacy in Europe (1919-1945)

Question 1

Difficulties facing the peacemakers

Answer 1

Strong desire for self-determination
Diff goals
No time
Commie threat

Question 2

War aims at the start of WWI

Answer 2

A/H = stop Serbian nationalism
G = September Programme
Entente = defeat and control G

Question 3

Victors’ aims at the end of WWI

Answer 3

F = Alsace-Lorraine, punishment of and protection from G
GB public = punishment of G
GB PM = more tolerant because of commie threat
USA = Wilson’s 14-point programme

Question 4

Wilson’s 14 points

Answer 4

No secret diplomacy
Self-determination
Alsace-Lorraine –> F
LoN

Question 5

G’s expectations of the peace treaty VS reality

Answer 5

Not punish new democratic gov
Based on W’s 14 Points
VS.
Diktat because Allied blockade ended only in July 1919. 294,000 Germans died because of blockade in 1918 alone.

Question 6

Treaty of Versailles

Answer 6

GERMANY

Article 231: G completely guilty SO reparations (1921: £11,000 million)
100,000 soldiers (serve for 12 years)
Fleet = limited
No submarines / air force
No colonies
Not in LoN
Rhineland demilitarised + w/ Allied troops
Saar Basin w/ Allied troops and coal to F
Alsace-Lorraine –> G
Eastern land –> Poland

Question 7

Treaty of Saint-Germain

Answer 7

AUSTRIA

Reparations
30,000 soldiers
Land --> Poland, Czechoslo, Romania, Yugo, Italy
Lost 15 mill people
No Anschluss

Question 8

Treaty of Trianon

Answer 8

HUNGARY

Reparations
35,000 soldiers
Lost 75% territory + 60% people
Land –> A, Yugo, Czechslo, Romania

Question 9

Treaty of Neuilly

Answer 9

BULGARIA

Land –> Yugo, Romania, Greece
Lost Aegean coastline
Limit army
Reparations: $0.5 million

Question 10

Difficulties w/ peace settlement for Ottoman Empire

Answer 10

R’s territory claims BUT commie now
Mustapha Kemal
G invaded Smyrna –> nationalist revolt

Question 11

Treaty of Sèvres

Answer 11

TURKEY

No more claims of non-T land 
Armenia = independent
G got land temporarily
Lost most islands
Straits = demilitarised and int. land

Question 12

Treaty of Lausanne

Answer 12

TURKEY, after defeating G

G give back Eastern Thrace + 2 islands: Imbros and Tenedos
Straits = demilitarised BUT T: right to close when war
No more foreign supervision of T finance

Question 13

Who had what under the mandate system?

Answer 13

GB = Palestine/Transjordan, Mesopotamia (Iraq), most of the Gulf
F = Lebanon + Syria
Arabs = Saudi Arabia

Question 14

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

Answer 14

RUSSIA

Lost Baltic states + Poland
Areas in Southern Caucasus --> T
Finland, Georgia + Ukraine = independent
Reparations = 6,000 mill marks
Lost 1/3 population. Arable land. 80% coal mines

Question 15

Which article said that Germany was to blame for WWI?

Answer 15

Article 231: The War Guilt Clause