15. Shop Information Flashcards
What are the common measuring tools? Describe their functions.
Micrometers can measure down to thousandths of an inch, so you use them when you need to precisely measure the thickness of a flat object or the side diameter of a cylinder. Calipers are used in a similar way. Outside calipersmeasure the external size of an object, andinside calipersmeasures the internal size.Slide calipers have a built-in rule.
Depth gauges measure the depth of holes. Thickness gauges measure thickness of small gaps. Thread gauges measure the number of threads per inch in threaded fasteners. Wire gauges measure the thickness of wire.
What does leveling and squaring tools do?
levels show whether a horizontal surface is true. On the other hand, a square check the trueness of an angle.
What are the common leveling and squaring tools?
A torpedo level has one or more small tubes filled with a liquid (like alcohol) and an air bubble. If the level is placed on a surface and the bubble remains exactly in the center of the tube, the surface is level. When you need to measure trueness across a plane, like a tabletop, you use a bullseye level.
You use a steel square to check the trueness of an angle. Because most squares have a rule, you can also use them for measuring. Squares have two arms: a long one (the blade) and a short one (the tongue). The two arms meet at a right angle. You can set a square against any angle that’s supposed to measure 90 degrees. If a gap exists between the square and the material, the material isn’t true — that is, it is not at 90 degrees. A sliding T-bevel has an adjustable blade so you can check different angles.
A plumb bob is a heavy weight that’s suspended from a line. It indicates vertical trueness.
Striking tools apply driving force to an object. These tools include hammers, sledges, and mallets. Give a brief explanation of all three.
- Hammer: A hammer is generally made of metal and consists of a handle, a head, a face (the part of the hammer that touches the nail or other fastener), a claw (to put nails), and a wedge that attaches the head to the handle. The face of a hammer may be made of stee, brass, or lead.
- Mallet: A mallet is generally made of metal or plastic but may be made of wood or rubber. It’s used to strike another tool or to strike a surface without damaging it. A mallet doesn’t have a claw like its cousin, the hammer.
- Sledge: A sledge is generally made of metal. People use it to drive bolts and chisels and to break rock. Although a small sledge may be used with one hand, many are designed for two-hand use. A sledge doesn’t have a claw, either.
Fastening tools apply fasteners, such as screws, to objects. Numerous tools make up the fastening category, what are those?
- Stapler: A stapler is a fastening tool. Heavy-duty staplers can staple roofing felt to a roof, for instance.
- Wrenches: Wrenches turn nuts and bolts. The bolt or nut fits between the jaws of the wrench, and the wrench turns the bolt. Some wrenches have adjustable jaws. Not only can wrenches be used to turn nuts and bolts, but they may also be used to keep nuts and bolts stationary.
- Open-end wrenches: these wrenches have open jaws.
- Box wrenches: Box wrenches are closed. Some wrenches have open-end jaws on one end and a box wrench on the other.
- Socket wrenches: Socket wrenches have box-type of varying sizes that can be attached to a handle, which in turn can be attached to an extension.
- Torque wrenches: These wrenches apply measured leverage to a fastener. A torque wrench looks much like a socket wrench but has additional internal mechanisms designed to measure and limit the amount of torque (twisting force) being applied.
- Pipe wrenches: Pipe wrenches have serrated jaws and grip round objects.
- Screwdrivers: A screwdriver, in the shop world, turns screws. (In the civilian world, it’s pretty decent drink!) Some special screwdrivers have different tips to fit different types of screws:
- Flathead screwdriver: A flathead screwdriver has a flat tip at one end of the shank (the other end of the shank goes into a handle).
- Phillips screwdriver: Phillips screwdriver have a tip that is shaped like a cross; this tip fits into a cross-shaped Phillips screw head.
- Allen wrench: An Allen wrench fits hexagonal screw heads. Nobody knows why this tool is called an Allen wrench instead of an Allen screwdriver; after all, it’s used on hexagonal screws. It’s sometimes also called a hex key.
- Offset screwdriver: Offset screwdrivers have the shank set at an angle to the blade to allow the tool to be used in cramped spaces. Offset screwdrivers can have a standard blade, Phillips blade, or any number of other blades.
- Pliers: Pliers can be used to fasten and unfasten fasteners, hold objects, and cut material. When you squeeze the handles, the jaws of the pliers come together.
- Long-nosed or needle-nosed pliers: Long-nosed pliers, also called needle-nosed pliers, have tapered jaws that can hold small objects or git into small spaces.
- Curved-nose pliers: These pliers have curved jaws.
- Slip-joint pliers: These pliers can be adjusted so the jaws open wider.
- Wrench and vise-grip pliers: Wrench pliers and vise-grip pliers have serrated jaws that clamp onto and hold objects of all shapes. Vise-grip pliers are adjustable and can lock into a closed position.
- Cutting pliers: These pliers are used to cut wire.
In soldering and welding tools, synthesize soldering and welding.
Soldering is a process that joins metals together by bonding a metal alloy (usually a combination of lead and tin) between two surfaces. Most soldering irons and soldering guns — the tools necessary for melting metal alloy — are electrically powered. Usually, you can solder two objects together with fairly low temperatures (less than 800 degrees Fahrenheit) because you are only melting the bonding alloy. The amount of lead in your solder determines how hot your iron or gun needs to be (more lead means a lower melting temperature).
Welding creates incredible strong joints. Rather than melting a metal alloy to use like glue, welding involves melting the base metal of two surfaces you want to join — and it requires very high temperatures that depend on the types of metal you’re joining. The two major types of welding are oxyacetylene and electric-arc welding. Oxyacetylene welding requires a torch fueled by oxygen and acetylene, which burns hot enough to melt steel and other iron-based metals. Electric-arc welding uses electricity to generate heat. Common forms of electric-arc welding are MIG, TIG, and stick welding.
What are the common cutting tools? Describe their functions.
- Bolt cutters are heavy-duty shears that produce enough force when the handles are closed to slice through metal blots, chains, or rods.
- Circle snips are used to cut curves.
- Coping saw is a type of handsaw that’s used to cut curved lines or shapes.
- Crosscut saw is a type of handsaw that cuts against the grain of the wood; the V shape of the teeth in which they are pointing are straight. Basically, a bunch of knives in line.
- Hacksaw is a type of handsaw that cuts against the grain of steel.
- Pipe cutters and tube cutters is used to score and cut metal pipes and tubes.
- Ripsaw is a type of handsaw that cuts with the grain of the wood, basically a bunch of chisels in line.
- Snips and shears have two cutting blades that scissor together when the handles close; the blades can be curved or straight.
What are drill bits?
Twist drills use drill bits, which are round pieces of steel shaped in a spiral, to create holes. Drill bits are attached to a drill (usually a power drill but sometimes a hand drill operated by manually turning a crank). The point of the drill bit is sharpened, and the shank is smooth and fits into the drill’s adjustable chuck.
What is a countersink?
A countersink is a drill bit that enlarges just the surface of a hole so a screw head can be accommodated. A countersink allows the top of the fastener to be set flush with or below the material to which it is attached. Without a countersink, the fastener slightly protrudes from the material to which it’s been attached.
What are auger bits?
Auger bits are shaped differently from drill bits. They bore larger holes. They have long, deep spiral flute for easy chip removal. They’re also much larger. Auger bits are most commonly used with a brace for drilling holes in wood. Their average length varies from 7 to 10 inches, but larger auger bits can be several feet long. Variants are even used to dig holes in the ground when attached to large machinery.
What are punches?
Punches have a sharp end that’s placed against the material to be punctured; the other end is struck with a hammer. A center punch is used to mark where a drilled hole is to be placed; this keeps the drill bit in position and prevents the drill bit from wandering to another part of the material during the first few rotations.
What are chisels?
Chisels are made of steel and have a sharp cutting edge. They’re used to chip or cut metal or wood.
What is the difference between a metal-cutting chisels and a wood-cutting chisels?
Metal-cutting chisels: Chisels that cut metal are usually struck with a hammer to make the cut. These chisels have different shapes depending on how they’ll be used; cold chisels are flat, and they’re used for cutting metals without using heating torches or forges, whereases round chisels make circular cuts.
Wood-cutting chisels: Some wood chisels, called socket chisels, are struck with a mallet. Other wood chisels require only the pressure of your hands. Wood chisels also come in different shapes, depending on what they’re used for. A butt chisel has a short blade and is used for in-close work. A mortising chisel has a narrow blade made for chiseling out the narrow mortises to create joints. A framing chisel has a heavy, strong blade meant for rough work.
What are filing and finishing shop tools are used for?
Filing and finishing shop tools are used to sharpen the blades of other tools and to smooth the edges of cut objects. Files come in a range of coarseness, and the blades can cut in different patterns. Files also come indifferent shapes to finish different kinds of objects.
What are the different kinds of files?
- Single-cut files are used for finishing work and sharpening blades.
- Double-cut files are used for rough work.
- Flat files and half-round files are for general purposes.
- Square and round files fit square and round openings.
Several types of clamping tools are available for many different purposes, what are these clamping tools?
Pliers: can be used to hold objects while working on them.
Vises: hold material while it’s being sawed, drilled, or glued. Here are some different types of vises.
- Bench vise: a bench vise has large, rough jaws, that keep the material from slipping.
- Pipe vise: Pipe vises holds round material or pipes.
- Hand screw vise: A hand screw vise has two hard, wooden jaws connected by two long screws. The screws are tightened to bring the jaws of the hand screw vise together.
Clamps: Clamps are used when a vise won’t work. Vises are generally attached to a workbench, while clamps generally connect only to the items worked with. C-clamps consist of a cast-iron “C” Frame and a screw that moves back and forth to open and shut the clamp. Bar clamps hold material together that can measure several feet wide.
What is the lowdown of fasteners such as screws and bolts?
- Wood screws are used to fasten wood.
- Lag screws have square- or hexagon-shaped heads and are used for large projects.
- Bolts don’t thread into wood. They have flat ends (as opposed to the pointed ends of screws). They are held in place by a nut (which is what actually screws into the threads) and washer. The body of the bolt may have few threads or many.
- Machine screws are used to fasten metal parts. Machine screws are sometimes used with nuts. They come in various lengths and widths and have a wide variety of heads.
What are nuts and washers? Give types of nuts and washers.
Nuts can be square, but more often they’re hexagonal. Cap nuts are rounded and smooth; stop nuts prevent the screw or bolt from coming loose. Wing nuts have flanges on each side so they can be tightened by hand. Washers prevent damage to the surface of a material by preventing the bolt head from digging into the material. They also help keep the bolt (or screw) in place. Flat washers, a simple ring of flat metal, are the most common type of washer. Shake-proof washers have teeth to prevent them from slipping, while split lock washers apply a small spring force that prevent the nut from vibrating off.
