15 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

Question 1

RIB CAGE STRUCTURE

Answer 1

12 Thoracic vertebrae.
12 Pairs of ribs.
External intercostals: pull the bottom rib up.
Internal intercostals: pull the upper rib down.

Question 2

DIAPHRAGM

Answer 2

Dome-shaped.
Central tendon pulls it downward.
Relaxed - R5/6 & slightly higher on right.
Controlled by phrenic nerve: C3-C5 nerve root.

Question 3

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM (3)

Answer 3

Upper respiratory tract; respiratory tract and lungs.
Pleura line inside of ribs and outside of lungs.
Pleura fluid around the lungs to reduce friction.

Question 4

LUNG FISSURES

Answer 4

Oblique: divides lungs into 2 parts called upper and lower lobes.
T2-T4 to rib 6 costal cartilage (cc) junction.

Horizontal on Right lung only to divide an upper part into 2 parts: upper and middle lobe.
Oblique fissure in mid-axillary line to rib 4 cc junction.

Question 5

UPPER RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

Answer 5

Nose and mouth: nose functions to warm, humidify and cleanse air.

Pharynx: “throat”; nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx.

Larynx: C3 - C6, hyaline and cricoid cartilages.

Question 6

TRACHEA

Answer 6

Divides into 2 parts to enter the lungs
point of division is called “carina”.

Question 7

BRONCHIAL TREE

Answer 7

As it descends, get smaller:
Secondary bronchi.
Segmental bronchi.
Bronchioles.
Terminal bronchioles.
Respiratory bronchioles.
Alveoli.

Question 8

GAS EXCHANGE

Answer 8

Purpose of pulmonary circulation is to take blood to and from lung for gaseous exchange.
Gaseous exchange occurs through the walls of the alveoli and the blood vessels.

Question 9

CARRIAGE OF GASES: OXYGEN

Answer 9

It is transported in the blood in one of the following methods: in the plasma, or combined with hemoglobin in RBC.

The quantity of oxygen that can be carried is dependent on: the amount of hemoglobin in RBC, the amount of RBC, and the amount of CO2 carried by the blood.

Question 10

CARRIAGE OF GASES: CARBON DIOXIDE

Answer 10

A by-product of metabolism.
Transported from the:
Cells.
Capillaries.
Pulmonary capillaries.
Diffuses out into the alveoli to be expired from the body.

Question 11

DIFFUSION OF GASES

Answer 11

The rate of diffusion depends on:
The greater the pressure difference between the membrane and the blood, the greater the rate of diffusion.
The greater the area of pulmonary membrane available, the greater the quantity of gas that can diffuse.
The thinner the membrane, the more gases brought faster.
The greater the solubility of the gas, the greater rate of diffusion.

Question 12

EMPHYSEMA

Answer 12

Damaged alveoli.
Supplemental O2.

Question 13

MECHANISM OF RESPIRATORY: INSPIRATION

Answer 13

Ribs expand laterally.
Ribs come up in the front.
Diaphragm movement.

Question 14

MUSCLES OF INSPIRATION

Answer 14

Deep inspiration: diaphragm, sternocleidomastoid, scalenes, external intercostals.

Forced inspiration: pectoralis minor, pectoralis major, serratus anterior, trapezius, levator scapulae, rhomboids.

Question 15

MECHANISM OF RESPIRATION: EXPIRATION

Answer 15

Normal expiration: elastic recoil of tissues.

Question 16

MUSCLES OF EXPIRATION

Answer 16

Forced expiration: abdominals, latissimus dorsi, internal intercostals, pressure on rib cage by external sources.

Involuntary: CO2 levels, BP, anxiety, sensory, speech.