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IMP Parasitology > 15. Protozoa > Flashcards

15. Protozoa Flashcards

1
Q

What is a protozoa?

A

a single celled organism with nuclei

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2
Q

what does Protozoa mean?

A

first animal

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3
Q

what kingdom is Protozoa part of?

A

Protists

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4
Q

what does the kingdom Protista include?

A

single-celled organisms, including the Dinoflagellates, and the single celled algae

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5
Q

in general, do Protozoans photosynthesize?

A

no

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6
Q

are Protozoans generallt motile?

A

yes

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7
Q

where can protozoans live in the body?

A

in all parts of the body, including the gut, mouth, skin, blood, live, spleen, genital tract, lungs brain and heart

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8
Q

what are the different groups of Protozoa, of which parasitize humans?

A

Amoeba

Flagellates

Ciliates

Sporozoa

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9
Q

what Protozoan group is Entamoeba in?

A

Amoeba

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10
Q

what Protozoan group are Giardia, Trichonomas, Trypanosoma and Leishmania in?

A

Flagellates

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11
Q

do protozoa have rigid cell walls?

A

no

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12
Q

how do protozoa digest their food?

A

in vacuoles

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13
Q

how do protozoa gain entry to a host?

A

orally or through the bite of a blood-sucking vector

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14
Q

T/F

•

From the point of view of functional and physiological

complexity, a protozoan is more like an animal than like

a single cell.

A

True

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15
Q

define niche selection

A

selected to live in a specific essential niche

defined by anatomical, physiological and biochemical

features of the site

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16
Q

what is pathogenesis related to?

A

the niche, the metabolic requirements of the parasite and the population density

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17
Q

what are some ways that protozoa will feed/ingest nutrients?

A

active transport, phagocytosis, or pinocytosis

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18
Q

where does digestion take place in protozoa?

A

in a vacuole through lysosomal enzymes

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19
Q

how is waste excreted in protozoa?

A

by diffusion or exocytosis

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20
Q

what protozoan group is Balantidium coli in?

A

ciliates

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21
Q

how do amoebas move?

A

pseudopodia

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22
Q

how do flagellates and ciliates move?

A

cilia and flagella

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23
Q

how are cilia and flagella microtubules arranged?

A

9+2

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24
Q

how do protozoa reproduce asexually?

A

binary fission

multiple fission

budding

i.e. variations of mitotic division

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25
Q

how do protozoa reproduce sexually?

A

gamete fusion

conjugation

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26
Q

what is schozogony?

A

multiple fission

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27
Q

describe binary fission

A

mitosis leads to the cell splitting yielding two daughter cells

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28
Q

describe multiple fission

A

nucleus undergoes multiple divisions before the cell divides - gives rise to multiple daughter cells

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29
Q

which protozoa are more likely to reproduce sexually, through gamete fusion?

A

the ones with an insect vector phase

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30
Q

define trophozoite

A

any stage in a protozoan’s life cycle which can ingest nutrients. In practice it refers to the motile form (pseudopods, cilia, flagella)

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31
Q

define cyst

A

Non‐motile form, protected by a membrane. Often the *infective stage*

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32
Q

define excystation

A

process of emergence of the trophozoite from the cyst

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33
Q

what disease does Giardia intestinalis cause?

A

giardiasis

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34
Q

where is giardiasis acquired?

A

contaminated water

35
Q

what disease does Trichonomas vaginalis cause?

A

vaginosis

36
Q

what disease does Trypanosoma brucei gambiense cause?

A

african sleeping sickness

37
Q

what disease does Entamoeba histolytica cause?

A

Amoebic dyentery

38
Q

how is african sleeping sickness transmitted?

A

the tsetse fly

39
Q

what disease does Tripanosoma cruzi cause?

A

chagas disease

40
Q

how is T. cruzi transmitted?

A

the kissing bug

41
Q

what disease does Leishmania spp. cause?

A

leishmaniasis

42
Q

how is leishmaniasis transmitted?

A

sand flies

43
Q

what is the phylum of Entamoeba histolytica?

A

Sarcodina

44
Q

who is in the phylum Mastigophora?

A

Giardia intestinalis, Trichomonas vaginalis, , Trypanosoma brucei gambiense, Trypanosoma cruzi, and Leishmania?

45
Q

what disease does Balantidium coli cause?

A

Balantidial dyentery

46
Q

how is B. coli contracted?

A

contaminated water

47
Q

what phylum is B. coli in?

A

Ciliata

48
Q

what disease does Plasmodium spp. cause?

A

malaria

49
Q

how is Plasmodium spp. transmitted?

A

Anopheles mosquito

50
Q

what phylum is Plasmodium spp. in?

A

Sporozoa (apicomplexans)

51
Q

what disease does Toxoplasma gondii cause?

A

toxoplasmosis

52
Q

what phylum is Toxo in?

A

Sporozoa (apicomplexans)

53
Q

how can Toxo be contracted?

A

raw meat, cat feces

54
Q

what disease does Cryptosporidium cause?

A

Diarrhea

55
Q

what phylum is Cryptosporidium in?

A

Sporozoa (apicomplexams)

56
Q

how is Cryptosporodium spread?

A

humans, animals

57
Q

What is this?

A

Malaria - Plasmodium spp.

58
Q

What is this?

A

Toxoplasmosis (Toxoplasma gondii)

59
Q

What is this?

A

Criptosporidiosis - Cryptosporidium parum

60
Q

What are the symptoms of Toxo?

A

Does not cause symptoms in most people. Can cause fatalities in unborn children and in AIDS patients.

61
Q

how can Toxo be prevented?

A

Thoroughly cook all meats, be careful handling cat litter, feed cats commercial cat food, cover sand boxes when not in use and wash all fruits and vegetables before eating.

62
Q

what are the symptoms of Plasmodium spp.?

A

fever, headache and vomiting, can be fatal

63
Q

how can Plasmodium spp. be prevented?

A

Spread by mosquito bites. The use of DDT in the U.S. and many other countries brought malaria under control. It is still a problem in many developing countries.

64
Q

what are the symptoms of C. parvum?

A

Diarrhea. May also cause vomiting, headache, fever and stomach cramps. Can be fatal to those in poor health.

65
Q

how can C. parvum be prevented?

A

Use an approved water filter, an approved brand of bottled water or boil water for 1 minute. Avoid drinking water from lakes and rivers.

66
Q

T/F

•

Apicomplexa consists of all parasitic species

A

True

67
Q

do apicomplexa have cilia or flagella?

A

not usually

68
Q

what is the hallmark of Apicomplexa

A

apical complex structure

69
Q

what do most Apicomplexa possess

A

the apicoplast organelle

70
Q

what is the appearance of the apical complex?

A

An organ complex of the Apicomplexa that appears as a

conical structures on the tapered end (or the apical end) of

the cell, and contains rhoptries, micronemes, dense

granules, polar rings, and a conoid.

71
Q

what is the mechanism of the apical complex?

A

• Rhoptries, micronemes and dense granules discharge

substances into the host cell during the invasion process

through a system of ducts which open up at the apical end.

• The substances released play a crucial role in destabilizing

the host cell membrane and in formation of an invasion pit.

72
Q

name the structures

A
73
Q

what is the use of the apical complex?

A

it is involed in penetrating the host

74
Q

how many membranes does the apical complex have?

A

4

75
Q

why is the apicomplast also known as the plastid?

A

drugs against chloroplasts and prokaryotes also kill apicomplexan parasites

76
Q

how did the apicomplast likely become encased in four membranes?

A

via a secondary endosymbiotic event - the promary endosymbiosis gives rise to 2 membranes, and then if that is endocytosed again you will have 4 membranes

77
Q

what is primary endosymbiosis?

A

the capture of a cyanobacterium by a eukaryotic heterotroph - the cyanobacterium would have modified during evolution to give rise to a plastid with two surrounding membranes

78
Q

what is secondary endosymbiosis?

A

proposed to be the engulfment of a red algae containing a chloroplast by a eukaryotic heterotroph - the red algae would have become the plastic with four ssurrounding membranes

79
Q

is the apicomplast a chloroplast?

A

NO

80
Q

do apicomplasts have chloroplasts?

A

NO they are absent

81
Q

is the apicomplast vital for the pasite’s survival?

A

yes

82
Q

what is the apicomplast possibly involved in?

A

lipid metabolism

83
Q

if we remove the apicomplast, what is the effect on the parasite?

A

they will survive but they will not be able to invade new hosts

84
Q
A

IMP Parasitology (27 decks)

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