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AQA PARTICLES AND RADIATION > 1.5- PARTICLE INTERACTIONS > Flashcards

1.5- PARTICLE INTERACTIONS Flashcards

1
Q

What can we use to measure forces?

A

newton meters and force sensors

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2
Q

What is the momentum of an object?

A

its mass multiplied by its velocity

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3
Q

What is transferred through these forces?

A

momentum

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4
Q

What are exchange particles?

A

particle that causes the force between two particles in a particle interaction.
They are virtual particles

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5
Q

How long do exchange particles last?

A

Enough to transfer energy, momentum and other properties but overall a very short time

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6
Q

What did Richard Feynman say about the electromagnetic force between two charge particles?

A

the electromagnetic force between two charged objects is due to the exchange of virtual photons causing electrostatic repulsion.

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7
Q

Why did Richard describe them as virtual photons?

A

we can’t detect them directly

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8
Q

Using what would be used to intercept the virtual photons and what would happen?

A

using a detector

would stop the force acting

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9
Q

analogy for two like-charged particles

A

two people on ice skates:

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10
Q

What does the ball analogy not work for?

A

for two oppositely charged particles

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11
Q

What would the ball have to be changed to for two oppositely charged particles?

A
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12
Q

What are the exchange particles involved in the four fundamental forces called?

A

Gauge Bosons

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13
Q

What are the Gauge Bosons for strong nuclear force?

A

Pions (+,-,0)

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14
Q

What particles are effected by strong force?

A

Hadrons only

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15
Q

What is the Gauge Boson for electromagnetic force?

A

Virtual photon

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16
Q

What particles are effected by electromagnetic force?

A

charged particles only

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17
Q

What are the Gauge Bosons for weak force?

A

Bosons (W+, W-)

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18
Q

What particles are effected by weak force?

A

all types

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19
Q

What does the strong nuclear force do?

A

hold the neutrons and protons in the nucleus together

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20
Q

What does the weak nuclear force do?

A

cause a neutron to changed into a proton in beta (-) decay or proton to change into neutron in beta (+) decay

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21
Q

What determines the range of the force?

A

size of exchange particle

22
Q

Heavier exchange particle =

A

smaller range = smaller range of force

23
Q

How much more mass do W bosons have than protons

A

100 x more mass

24
Q

Why can’t W bosons travel far?

A

High mass = creating it uses so much energy that it can only last for a short amount of time and it can’t travel far.

25
Q

Why does electromagnetic force have infinite range?

A

It has no mass

26
Q

What do each of the lines on a Feynman’s diagram represent?

A
27
Q

What are the rules for drawing particle interaction diagrams?

A
28
Q

What is something strange about the particle and antiparticle released in beta decay?

A

not a corresponding particle-antiparticle pair

one is an electron or positron
other is neutrino or antineutrino

29
Q

How often do neutrinos and antineutrinos interact?

A

hardly interact with each other

30
Q

Examples of neutrino and antineutrino interactions (2)

A

neutrino can interact with a neutron and make it change into a proton. beta(-) particle (electron) created and emitted as a result of change

antineutrino can interact with a proton and make it change into a neutron. beta (+) particle (positron) created and emitted as a result of change

31
Q

What are the neutrino and antineutrino interactions due to?

A

the exchange of particles referred to as W bosons

32
Q

3 things about W bosons

A

have a non-zero rest mass
have a very short range of no more than about 0.001fm
positively charged or negatively charged

33
Q

How were W bosons first detected?

A

using the 2km diameter Super Proton Synchrotron at CERN in Geneva

34
Q

What happened during the experiment at CERN?

A

protons and antiprotons at very high energies were made to collide and annihilate each other
at sufficiently high energies, annihilations produce W bosons as well as photons

35
Q

What role does W bosons play in beta decay?

A

W boson meets neutrino and changes it to a beta(-) particle (electron)
W boson meets antineutrino and changes it to a beta(+) particle (positron)

36
Q

What happens to the W boson if no neutrino or antineutrino is present?

A

W(-) boson decays into a beta(-) particle and antineutrino

W(+) boson decays into a beta (+) particle and neutrino

37
Q

What does a beta minus decay look like in Feynman’s?

A
38
Q

What does beta minus decay look like on Feynman’s?

A
39
Q

What is electron capture?

A

sometimes a proton in a proton-rich nucleus turns into a neutron as a result of interacting through the weak interactions with an inner-shell electron from outside the nucleus.

40
Q

In electron capture, what is the “acting particle”?

Therefore, what is the boson and what direction is it?

A

W+

41
Q

What does electron capture look like on Feynman’s?

A
42
Q

What does the W(+) boson change the electron to in electron capture?

A

a neutrino

43
Q

When can a similar change to that of electron capture happen?

A

when a proton and electron collide at very high speed

44
Q

For an electron with sufficient energy what can the overall change occur due to?

A

W(-) exchange from proton to proton

45
Q

What is electron proton collisions?
What is the acting particle - which way is the boson?
What does it look like on feynman’s?

A
46
Q

What are the photon and W boson known as?

A

force carriers as they are exchanged when the electromagnetic force and weak nuclear force act representatively

47
Q

What is the exchange particle for EM repulsion?

A

Virtual photon

48
Q

What does EM repulsion look like?

A
49
Q

What is the pion known to be?

A

exchange particle of the strong nuclear force

50
Q

What do scientists think the carrier of the force of gravity is?

A

graviton- bit it has yet to be observed

AQA PARTICLES AND RADIATION (8 decks)

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