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BDS2 CDS DMS > 15. Partial Denture Alloys > Flashcards

15. Partial Denture Alloys Flashcards

1
Q

Ideal properties of partial denture alloys (7)

A 
Rigidity (Young’s Modulus)
Strong (high elastic limit and ultimate tensile strength)
Hard
Ductile
Precise casting (no shrinkage)
Melting point (investment material)
Low density
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2
Q

Materials used in partial denture alloys (3)

A 
ADA type IV gold
Cobalt chromium (Co-Cr)
Titanium
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3
Q

Components of one-piece casting (2)

A

Base

Clasp

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4
Q

Ideal mechanical properties of base in one-piece casting (2)

A

High YM to maintain shape in use

High elastic limit to avoid plastic deformation

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5
Q

Ideal mechanical properties of clasp in one-piece casting (2)

A

Low YM to allow flexure over bulbous tooth (removal)

High elastic limit to maintain elasticity over wide range of movement (strain)

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6
Q

Actual mechanical properties compromise of base and clasp in one-piece casting (2)

A

Thick section - rigid base

Thin section - flexible clasp

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7
Q

ADA gold specifications and uses (4)

A

Type I – simple alloys
Type II – larger (2-3 surface) inlays
Type III – crown and bridge alloys
Type IV – partial dentures

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8
Q

Composition of Type IV gold (6)

A 
60-70% (65%) gold
1-2% (2%) zinc
11-16% (14%) copper
4-20% (14%) silver
0-5% (3%) palladium
0-4% (2%) platinum
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9
Q

Effects of alloying element - copper (8)

A 
Solid solution in all proportions
Solution hardening
Order hardening (if 40-80% gold and correct heat treatment)
Reduced melting point
No coring (solidus close to liquidus)
Imparts red colour
Reduces density
Base metal – can corrode if too much
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10
Q

Effects of alloying element - silver (6)

A

Solid solution in all proportions
Solution hardening
Precipitation hardening with copper and heat treatment
Can allow tarnishing
Molten silver absorbs gas (CO2)
Whitens alloy – compensates for copper discolouration

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11
Q

Effect of alloying element – platinum (4)

A

Solid solution with gold
Solution hardening
Fine grain structure
Coring can occur (wide liquidus – solidus gap)

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12
Q

Effect of alloying element – palladium (4)

A

Similar to platinum (less expensive)
Less coring than platinum
Coarser grains than platinum
Absorbs gases when molten (porous casting)

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13
Q

Effect of alloying element – zinc

A

Scavenger

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14
Q

Effect of alloying element – nickel

A

Increases hardness and wrought strength (wrought alloys)

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15
Q

Effect of alloying element – indium

A

Fine grain structure

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16
Q

Heat treatment for type IV gold alloys (4)

A

Quench after casting (fine grains)
Homogenising annealing (700C, 10 minutes)
If cold worked –> stress relief annealing
Heat harden (order and precipitation) - 450C, cool slowing (15-30 minutes) to 200C then quench

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17
Q

Reasons for heat treatment of type IV gold alloys

A

Result in properties more suitable for the clasps

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18
Q

Uses of CoCr

A

Wires
Surgical implants
Cast partial dentures - connectors

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19
Q

Mechanical properties of CoCr thick section connectors (2)

A

High EL

High YM

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20
Q

Mechanical properties of CoCr thin section connectors (2)

A

High EL

Low YM

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21
Q

Composition of CoCr (5)

A 
35-65% (54%) cobalt
25-30% (25%) chromium
0-30% (15%) nickel
5-6% (5%) molybdenum
0.2-0.4% (0.4%) carbon
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22
Q

Effect of alloying element - cobalt (3)

A

Forms solid solution with chromium
Increased strength, hardness and rigidity
Coring possible

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23
Q

Effect of alloying element - chromium (4)

A

Forms solid solution with cobalt
Increased strength, hardness and rigidity
Coring possible
Forms passive layer (corrosion resistance)

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24
Q

Effects of alloying element - nickel (4)

A

Replaces some cobalt
Improves ductility
Slight reduction in strength
Nickel allergy/sensitivity (6% of females, 2% of males)

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25
Q

Effects of alloying element - carbon

A

Undesirable, carbide grain boundaries, hard and brittle

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26
Q

Effects of alloying element - molybdenum

A

Reduces grain size, hence increases strength

27
Q

Effects of alloying element - tungsten

A

Increases strength

28
Q

Effects of alloying element - aluminium

A

Increases plastic limit

29
Q

Effects of alloying element - zinc

A

Scavenger

Zinc oxidises preferentially to avoid unfavourable oxidation/reduction reactions of other metals

30
Q

CoCr techniques (3)

A

Investment material
Melting
Casting

31
Q

Features of CoCr investment material

A

High temperature – 1200-1400C – silica or phosphate bonded

32
Q

Features of CoCr melting

A

Electric induction preferred; oxyacetylene – avoid carbon pickup

33
Q

Features of CoCr casting (3)

A

Centrifugal force required
Avoid overheating (coarse grains)
Cooling too fast/slow  carbides (brittle)

34
Q

Types of CoCr finishing (4)

A

Sandblast
Electroplate
Abrasive wheel
Polishing buff

35
Q

Difference between CoCr and gold hardness (3)

A

CoCr harder
CoCr has better wear
CoCr finishing and polishing can be time-consuming

36
Q

Features of CoCr ductilty

A

Cobalt chromium shows low ductility as elongation (4%) of the material can occur

37
Q

Definition of elongation (3)

A

Elongation is the amount of strain it can experience before failure in tensile testing
The lower the amount of elongation a material shows, the less ductile it is
A ductile material (most metals and polymers) will record a high elongation

38
Q

Why is precision casting utilised in CoCr casting

A

Due to low ductility, any CoCr work hardens rapidly making adjustment difficult

39
Q

Uses of titanium (4)

A

Implants
Partial dentures (cast)
Crowns and bridges (cast)
Maxillofacial craniofacial/skull implants

40
Q

Features of titanium (2)

A

Good biocompatibility
Good corrosion resistance (passive oxide layer)
Titanium parts are joined by laser welding

41
Q

Titanium prosthesis preparation involves (2)

A

Electric arc melting

Specialised investment and casting (because titanium absorbs gases)

42
Q

Disadvantages of CoCr (4)

A

More difficult to produce defect-free casting as opposed with gold
Cannot use gypsum-bonded investment
More difficult to polish (harder) than gold, but retains polish better
Work hardens rapidly, so precision casting is required

43
Q

Relationship between elongation and ductility

A

The greater the amount of elongation (%), the greater ductility the material has

44
Q

Relationship between UTS and the materials ability to resist tension

A

The greater the ultimate tensile strength (UTS), the greater the materials ability to resist tension (being pulled apart)

45
Q

Definition of UTS (2)

A

The capacity of a material or structure to withstand loads tending to elongate

46
Q

Definition of compressive strength

A

The capacity of a material or structure to withstand loads tending to reduce size

47
Q

Difference between tensile strength and compressive strength

A

Tensile strength resists tension (being pulled apart), whereas compressive strength resists compression (being pushed together)

48
Q

UTS on a stress-strain curve (3)

A

The UTS is usually found by performing a tensile test and recording the engineering stress versus strain
The highest point of the stress–strain curve is the UTS. It is an intensive property
Tensile strength is defined as a stress, which is measured as force per unit area

49
Q

Relationship between density and how appropriate material is for use

A

The lower the density (g/cm2) of a material, the more appropriate for use as a partial denture alloy (not as heavy, increased flexibility)

50
Q

Relationship between hardness and indentation resistance

A

The greater the hardness of a material, the greater the resistance to abrasion/indentation

51
Q

Definition of hardness

A 
A measure of the resistance to localised plastic deformation induced by either mechanical indentation or abrasion
Some materials (metals) are harder than others (plastics)
The hardness of a material defines the relative resistance that its surface imposes against the penetration of a harder body
52
Q

Relationship between shrinkage and how appropriate material is for use

A

The lower the shrinkage of a material, the more suitable it is for use (less shrinkage leads to less stress, strain and shape alteration)

53
Q

Relationship between rigidity and how appropriate material is for use

A

The greater the rigidity of a material, the better it is (less chance of breaking/fracturing/deforming)

54
Q

Definition of YM (3)

A

Young’s modulus, also known as the elastic modulus, is a measure of the stiffness of a solid material
A mechanical property of linear elastic solid materials
Defines the relationship between stress (force per unit area) and strain (proportional deformation) in a material

55
Q

Features of straight stress-strain curve (3)

A

A solid material will deform when a load is applied to it
If it returns to its original shape after the load is removed, this is called elastic deformation
In the range where the ratio between load and deformation remains constant, the stress–strain curve is linear

56
Q

Relationship of YM between gold, CoCr, titanium and stainless steel (4)

A

Stainless steel > titanium > CoCr > gold

57
Q

Relationship of shrinkage between gold, CoCr, titanium and stainless steel (2)

A

Gold > CoCr

58
Q

Relationship of melting range between gold, CoCr, titanium and stainless steel (3)

A

Titanium > CoCr > gold

59
Q

Relationship of density between gold, CoCr, titanium and stainless steel (4)

A

Ti > stainless steel = CoCr > gold

60
Q

Relationship of proportional limit between gold, CoCr, titanium and stainless steel (4)

A

Stainless steel > CoCr > titanium > gold

61
Q

Relationship of UTS between gold, CoCr, titanium and stainless steel (4)

A

Stainless steel > titanium > CoCr > gold

62
Q

Relationship of elongation between gold, CoCr, titanium and stainless steel (4)

A

Gold > titanium = CoCr > stainless steel

63
Q

Relationship of hardness between gold, CoCr, titanium and stainless steel (4)

A

CoCr > stainless steel > titanium > gold

BDS2 CDS DMS (15 decks)

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