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03 Biochemistry > 15 Lipid Synthesis and Storage > Flashcards

15 Lipid Synthesis and Storage Flashcards

1
Q

What is the primary end product of fatty acid synthesis

A

Palmitic acid(palmitate) C 16:0

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2
Q

Name 6 essential lipids for human body

A

Linoleic acid, Linolenic acid, 4 soluble vitamins

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3
Q

How many carbon and double bands do Linolenic acid have

which carbons contain double bands

A

ω-6 family

18:2 ∆9,12

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4
Q

How many carbon and double bands do Linoleic acid have

which carbons contain double bands

A

ω-3

18:2 ∆9,12,15

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5
Q

How many carbon and double bands do Arachidonic acid have and what is its precursor
which carbons contain double bands
what can be produced from it

A

20:4 ∆5,8,11,14

formed from Linoleic acid> it’s precursor for prostaglandins, thromboxanes & leukotrienes

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6
Q

what is the difference between Cis and Trans fatty acids

name some substances that contain Trans acids

A

Cis- :normal double bound configuration > lots of free space in molecule > it’s liquid
Trans- :unnatural and predominate in margarine & partial hydrogenation of vegetable oils

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7
Q

what’s the similarities between saturated and trans FAs

A

Saturated FAs & Trans- FAs have same structures & are solid at cool temperatures > ↓membrane fluidity > won’t let LDL inside the cells > ↑ risk of atherosclerosis

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8
Q

What are the positive effects of omega 3 FAs

what can it be found in

A

↓risk of cardiovascular disease: replace some arachidonic acids in platelet membrane thus ↓ Production of thromboxane & platelets to aggregate
Also ↓ serum Triglycerides
Omega-3 found in cold-water fish: Salmon, Tuna & herring as in some nuts(walnuts) & Seeds(flax seeds)

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9
Q

How is a FA activated

A

During metabolism > they are first activated by attaching coenzyme A (CoA)

fatty acyl CoA synthetase catalyzes this activation step
Fatty acid + CoA + ATP ~ Fatty acyl CoA + AMP + PPi

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10
Q

How much is the maximum recommended daily need for TGs

A

80 grams of TGs

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11
Q

What is Atkin diet

A

high lipid & low carbohydrate containing diet

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12
Q

Which enzymes have an effect on lipids inside intestinal lumen
what are their results

A

Bile, Lipase, Colipase, Cholesterol esterase

Result: 2FAs, 2-monoglyceride & Cholesterol
packaged with apoprotein B-48 in chylomycrons

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13
Q

What is Colipase

A

binds lipase>shift optimum pH to 6 & protect it from bile

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14
Q

What does Steatorrhea mean

what are its causes, and which particle will be lost in each cause

A

> 6% fat in stool
Exclusion of bile: TG
Exclusion of pancreatic juice: TG
Malabsorption: FA

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15
Q

Insulin effects on conversion of glucose to acetyl coA and FA synthesis

A

during glycolysis: Glucokinase(induced), PFK-2(dephosphorylated), PDH(dephosphorylated)

Insulin effects on FA:
Acetyl CoA carboxylase(dephosphorylated, Activated)
FA synthase(induced)

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16
Q

Ingredients for FA synthesis

and where does this happen

A

AcCoA(Citrate shunt), NADPH(1HMP shunt, 2Malic Enzyme), CO2, ATP(from Krebs)

FA synthesis happens in Cytoplasm

17
Q

Explain the 1st part of FA synthesis from glucose inside mitochondria

A

Pyruvate by PDH to acetylCoA then to Citrate
or Pyruvate by pyruvate carboxylase(+Biotin) to OAA then to Citrate
Citrate shuttle send it to cytoplasm

18
Q

What happens to Citrate in FA synthesis after citrate shuttle outside mitochondria

A

Citrate by Citrate lyase produce Acetyl CoA and OAA
OAA: to Malate then by Malic enzyme to Pyruvate: Produce NADPH needed for FA synthase(also from HMP)
Pyruvate goes back to mitochondria

19
Q

Explain the 2nd part of FA synthesis from acetyl CoA

A

AcCoA by AcCoA carboxylase with help of ATP, Biotin, CO2(ABD) to malonyl CoA
Activated(dephosphorylated) by insulin and Citrate
But inhibited by glucagon
Malonyl CoA by FA synthase and help of NADPH and pantothenic acid, release that CO2 and produce FA(palmitate)
Induced by Insulin

20
Q

what can be done to the product of FA synthase (palmitate)

A

Fatty acyl CoA may be elongated and desaturated (to a limited extent in humans) using enzymes associated with the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER):
Cytochrome b5 is involved in desaturation reaction

21
Q

What is the utility of Malic Enzyme in FA synthesis cycle

A

Additional source of NADPH in liver & adipocytes + HMP shunt

22
Q

What does Acetyl CoA carboxylase require to produce Malonyl CoA

A

Rate-limiting enzyme, require ATP, Biotin, CO2 (ABC carboxylase)

23
Q

What does Control Acetyl CoA carboxylase

A

Activated by insulin(dephosphorylated) & Citrate

24
Q

What does FA synthase require to produce FAs

A

Contains acyl carrier protein(ACP), requires vitamin pantothenic acid, need NADPH

25
Q

What does Control FA synthase

A

It is induced by insulin in liver

26
Q

What is the effect of Ethanol on fat production in liver

A

Ethanol disrupts VLDL synthesis> result in fatty liver

27
Q

why linoleic & linolenic are essential

A

Humans cannot desaturase beyond C-9 in FA chain

03 Biochemistry (5 decks)

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