1.5 Legal, Moral, Cultural, and Ethical Issues Flashcards
What does GDPR stand for?
General Data Protection Regulation
What is GDPR?
Seeks to ensure data protection and privacy for people
Regulates how companies and organisations may collect, hold and use personal data
What does DPA stand for?
Data Protection Act 2018
What is DPA?
Controls the way data about living people is stored and processed, relating to all people that develop, use or maintain systems that use or store personal data
What are the eight principle of DPA?
Storage and processing of personal data must:
- be fairly and lawfully processed
- not be transferred to other countries outside of the European Economic Area that don’t have adequate data protection
- be adequate, relevant and not excessive
- be accurate and kept up-to-date
- not be kept longer than is necessary
- be kept secure
- be processed for limited purposes
- be processed in line with your rights
What do individuals have the right to, according to DPA?
How their data is being used
Access their personal data
Have incorrect data erased
Stop or restrict the processing of their data
Restrict the portability of their data, or sharing with third parties
Object to how their data is processed in certain circumstances
What would be considered sensitive data?
Race
Ethnic background
Political opinions
Religious beliefs
Trade union membership
Genetics
Biometrics (where used for identification)
Health
Sexual orientation
What is personal data?
Any information about a living individual, facts (name, address) and opinions, to allow the individual to be identified
Who is the data subject?
The person the data is being stored about
Who is the data user?
The person who needs to access or use the data as part of their job
Who is the data controller?
The person who needs to apply for permission to collect and store the data
Decide what data needs to be collected and what it will be used for
What does ICO stand for?
Information Commissioner’s Office
What is the ICO?
Independent authority set up to uphold information rights in the public interests, promoting openness by public bodies and data privacy for individuals
Who are information commissioners?
Enforces DPA and who organisations need to apply to in order to gain permission to collect and store data
Make general public aware of their rights under DPA
Who is the data protection officer?
Responsible for data protection laws being followed within the organisation
Individual has the right to find out the data being stored about them by the government or an organisation using this law by writing to DPO
How quickly should a data request be processed?
Within 1 month (longer if the request is complex or multiple)
When does a organisation not have to provide the data?
Prevention, detection or investigation of a crime
National security of armed forces
Assessment or collection of tax
Judicial or ministerial appointments
Then data doesn’t need to be shared and reason doesn’t have to be given
What does CMA stand for?
Computer Misuse Act 1990
What is the CMA?
Makes it an offence to access or modify computer material without permission
Seen regular amendments and updates to keep up with actions by cyber criminals
Makes it illegal for anyone to break into a computer system, or to change programs or data without permission
Attempts to break into a computer system are illegal even if they are not succesful
What are the sections of CMA?
- unauthorised access to a computer
- unauthorised access to a computer in order to commit or facilitate another offence
- unauthorised acts that impair, or could impair, the operation of a computer
3A. making or supplying tools that can be used in computer misuse offence
3ZA. unauthorised acts causing, or creating a risk of, serious damage
What does RIPA stand for?
Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000
What is RIPA?
Regulates surveillance and investigation, covers interception of communication
States responsibility of ISP, social media platforms and telecoms companies in monitoring communications
Lays out powers that the police and government have when investigating possible criminal offence
What has RIPA been referred to as?
Snooping charter - by people who believe it is an invasion of privacy
Why was RIPA needed?
Growth in internet communications
What does RIPA allow?
Demand ISPs provide access to a customer’s communication
Prevent existence of such interception activities being revealed in court
Allow mass surveillance of communications
Allow monitoring of an individual’s internet activities
Demand access be granted to protected information
Demand ISPs fit equipment to facilitate surveillance
What does CDPA stand for?
Copyright, Design and Patents Act 1988
What is CDPA?
Covers copying or use of other people’s work
Allows an individual or organisation that has created a piece of original work that right to control the use of their work
Does the CDPA apply to digital or non-digital content?
Both
What works are covered by CDPA?
Literary works
Dramatic works
Musical works
Artistic works
Typographical works
Sound recordings
Films
What is copyright?
Used to protect an original piece of work
What is a patent?
Used to protect the design of a product
What is a trademark?
Used to protect indications of the commercial source of the product (logo or name of an organisation)
What is piracy?
Unauthorised use or reproduction of another’s work
Illegally copying movies, music etc, breaking the CDPA
What are licences?
Different types of licences can be purchased for computer software
Give the user different permissions
What is a software licence?
Need to comply with the CDPA to ensure that the user has permission to be able to use a piece of software
What is a creative commons licence?
Allows the owner to choose how others can share, use or build on the material
Owner must be attributed when licence is used
When work modified and shared, must carry same licence as original
Used to enable someone to use content for their own but not to modify it
What does DRM stand for?
Digit Rights Management
What is DRM?
Prevents distribution of their material
Can be used when renting moves to ensure you are only able to watch them for 48 hours
Used by online streaming services to limit the number of devices that can be used to watch data at one time or even from different locations
Video games use DRM to detect if it is a copied version and crash the software if detected
How can computers be used in hospitals?
Electronic health records can be shared between healthcare organisations (leading to improved communication)
Predictions about epidemics/diseases (using big data and data mining)
Health apps/websites to book appointments, repeat prescriptions
Online health appointments (GP, counselling, etc)
Remote monitoring of patients, pre-emptive alerts before emergencies (alleviating pressure from nurses and doctors)
How can computers be used in schools?
Use of online platforms to save work
Use of VR to simulate areas that could not performed otherwise
Use of computer games to stimulate student’s knowledge - more likely to be able to remember information with an interactive computer game
Remote learning platforms, allowing the teachers to connect virtually with their students and still teach the lesson despite not physically being in the same classroom
AI marking tools, speed up marking of exam papers and free up teachers to perform other tasks
Use of generative AI to create tasks for students
Use of AI to track students progress and tailor questions to help students learn
How can computers be used by lawyers?
Expert system to give legal advice
Machine learning to train systems for legal data
AI could read all documents far quicker and identify important parts and report it
AI manipulating (deep fake) - leading to difficulty authenticating evidence
Still need some lawyers but not as many
How can computers be used in marketing and social media?
Tracking users likes and dislikes to target adverts
Tracking what users react to, to decide what works and what doesn’t
Generative AI to create adverts
Deepfake AI can be used in smear campaigns
Monitor people’s activity, learn what they like, learn what they dislike and use generative AI to develop individual posts aimed at that person specific to what they know they’re susceptible to
Tailoring posts
What are the positive impacts of computers in the workplace?
More efficient
Better connected
Less prone to errors provided that they’ve been trained correctly
Cheaper overall - no need to be paid
Can do autonomous jobs
Can work 24/7
Analyse big data and data mining
What are the negative impacts of computers in the workplace?
Loss of jobs
Less communication/social interaction between people
What is automated decision making?
Computer programs can complete a task by making decisions based on conditions set by a human
What are expert systems?
A piece of software which uses databases of expert knowledge to offer advice or make decisions in such areas as medical diagnosis
What is the problem with expert systems?
If the system is not set up correctly, the computer won’t make the correct decisions and it may not be suitable and may result in people being unfairly advantaged or disadvantaged
What are automatic systems?
Systems that are programmed to operate without the user needing to give inputs for the operation
What are automated systems?
Unlike automatic systems, autonomous machines are self-sufficient and require no human intervention, learning and adjusting to their changing environment
AI and machine learning
What does AI stand for?
Artificial Intelligence
What is AI?
Often used to perform a task that would usually require human intelligence (as opposed to mechanical processes, such as lifting or motion)
What is machine learning?
Way of using large data sets (Big Data) to train AI by analysing the data in order to make more accurate predictions about what to output for a particular input
What are accessible websites?
Making sure people who are disabled can see, understand, navigate and interact with the website
Developed and designed to be helpful
Who do websites need to be accessible for?
Blind/partially sighted
Colour blind
Cognitive difficulties
Deaf
Elderly
People using different devices
What colours are good for people with colour-blindness?
Blue/orange
Blue/red
Blue/brown
What colours are good for people with dyslexia?
Dark coloured text on light (not white) text
What fonts are good for people with dyslexia/colour blindness?
Sans-serif fonts (Arial, Comic Sans)
What are morals?
Things normally thought of as something that’s personal and normative
More of a personal choice
A person’s view of what’s right and wrong
What people can technology impact?
The local community
Family
Individual
Way of life for people
Ability for people to be social (mix with others and be able to get about)
Impact on workforce and atmosphere within the team
Will technology mean people lose jobs? If so, then how will this affect their life and the life of their family?
What are ethics?
Set by opinion and view of society and communities
What is being ethical?
Doing the right thing, even if it may disadvantage you or your business
What considerations need to be make to make sure a business is ethical?
Privacy - making sure keeping data secure
Ensuring staff treated well - suitable breaks, paid well, etc
Does technology have positive or negative impact on environment?
Is technology being developed really to help people or could it be used?
Is technology for benefit of people or to make business as much profit as possible?
What are cultural considerations?
Encompasses set of beliefs, aspirations, moral values, traditions, language and laws (or rules of behaviour) help in common by a nation, a community, or other defined group of people
Relates to ideas and activities of groups of people and civilisations
Way people behave and relate to one another and the way they live, work and spend their leisure time
Even in small geographical areas, people lived in different ways and had different beliefs at various times in history
How does technology support or hinder these?
What are cultural factors?
Shape the way technologies are marketed to different communities and influence content used
What are examples of cultural factors?
Does a certain symbol mean one thing in one country and another somewhere else?
Certain colours have different meanings in different cultures
Different languages use different characters - would need alternative character sets
Different cultures read in different directions
Different cultures have different morals and values that are acceptabe
Different cultures think different things are polite and rude
What should be considered in computers in the workforce?
Advances in infrastructure - better technology in an office, enabling people better use tablets and be more flexible, enabling people to work from home in a more efficient way
Use of robotics - robot doesn’t need to be something that looks like a person but machine that’s automated in its job, meaning it can do a job repeatedly on its own without human involvement
What are the opportunities of computers in the workforce?
Enables people to work more flexibility (e.g. from home - increase quality of people’s lives)
Make a business more productive - technology more accurate, more precise, make fewer mistakes, produce high quantity within same time
Make a business more profitable - tech doesn’t need holidays, paying each other, sick leave, pension, can work 24/7 if needed
Fewer staff needed within business - one person can probably operate many machines
Change types of jobs required - need more skilled jobs e.g. people who are confident creating or using technology
What are the risks of computers in the workforce?
Purchasing technology may be high initial cost - may not be possible for all businesses and people, giving some people an advantage over others
If business relies on technology and tech breaks, business may struggle to continue to operate
Increasing amount of technology may mean less staff - people losing jobs, effect on their lives and community surrounding that business
Effect on people in the business - less interaction, maybe less enjoyment if working with technology rather than humans, less social interactions etc
Low skilled workers may take biggest hit - supermarket checkout people, people working in warehouses, people working on tills in banks
What are the opportunities of automated decision making?
Decisions more consistent - with humans may get different outcomes based on person making decision, benefit some and be negative to others, human making decision could be biased or have personal experience of situation that may affect decision
Humans can get tired and decisions may be affected or be wrong
Humans may miss things when making decisions - if decision based on large amount of data human may find it difficult to consider all this whereas computer could easily deal with large amounts of data
Make things more productive
Free up human time to be more productive in other areas - system could make some of the decisions and then, e.g. point human specialist in certain direction of where they’re most likely to have success
What are the risks of automated decision making?
Only good as pre-defined rules that have been used to set it up - any mistakes then system will continue to follow these and impact of mistakes amplified
Many systems found to be biased - depend on data set that’s been used to train system, if biased or representative then decision making will reflect this
Many decisions subjective - not easy as just following set of rules to make decision
Many people and cultures not happy to give computer system all of private information as concerned about how used, shared or stored - may not be happy with computer making important decisions in their life
Sometimes humans will be able to spot other factors that may not be asked for by computer
If problem with decision then who’s to blame? what could be the impact on person who programmed the computer - could be blamed for wrong decision that used their decision
What are the opportunities of using AI?
Make humans more productive - AI can do things to same standard in fraction of time
Great for repetitive jobs
Spot things humans could not
Make less errors than humans
Used when it would be dangerous for humans
Make applications and experiences more tailored to individuals
Provide completely bespoke social media experience - improve people’s experiences online
What are the risks of using AI?
Humans could get lazy
Not regulated at the moment - technology advancing without regulation in place to ensure businesses producing systems for good
Could become dangerous
If something goes wrong, who’s to blame?
Generative AI has put creative people at risk
Deepfake audio, images and video increasing and can be very difficult to spot even for another AI - danger or not really knowing whether something you read, hear or see is real
Can influence way people thing and maybe not really care how it goes about it - AI given end goal and will decide its own actions to get there
What are the opportunities of environmental effects of computers?
Simulations and modelling of environmental impact can inform humans on consequences in future and enable to take action now
Simulations and modelling of weather can warn of dangers and enable towns and cities to be evacuated when in danger
People able to have meetings from home rather than in person which may require travelling across the world - reduce carbon emissions
Some technology being used to improve environmental situations - tech used to monitor crop growth and keep track of livestock
What are the risks of environmental effects of computers?
Cloud computer requires huge data warehouses across the world - using vast amounts of electricity to power and cool servers required
Many devices not recycled when we finish with them and therefore cause landfill
Produce more and more tech devices - required manufacturing which contributes to carbon emissions
More tech and robots used in workplace, more power required
Many resources required to build devices scare and huge devastation is taking place to extract resources - workers can sometimes be treated very poorly when doing this
What is internet censorship?
Legal control or suppression of what can be accessed, published or viewed on the internet
What are the opportunities of censorship and the internet?
Censorship used to avoid people looking up information that’s not safe or suitable - should restrict inappropriate content and help ensure younger people don’t stumble on contents they shouldn’t see
Malicious information may be spread on the internet and censorship would enable government to block this
What are the risks of censorship and the internet?
People within certain country may not be able to access information to give them a balanced view - means people in country will only see and hear information that government wants it to, may be biased
Argument people should be able to make their own decisions and to do this should be able to access information from all sources
How can computers monitor behaviour?
Using CCTV to record movement of people
Using facial recognition within CCTV to identify people in a certain location
Tracking communication on phones
Tracking GPS location on phone to build up picture of movements of an individual at any time
Monitoring what people have been searching for online and what websites they’ve visited
Monitoring emails and any other communication
Use of Alexa’s and similar devices to listen to what people are saying and monitor communication within those systems
Social media continually monitoring patterns of behaviour and collected as much data as possible on what we view, listen to, click on, read etc
More people shop online so more and more data collected to monitor purchases and build us ever increasingly profile of us
What are the opportunities of monitoring behaviour?
Help police identify people with possible criminal intent
CCTV, tracking GPS help police place person in a certain location where crime took place and help them solve crime
Monitoring online shopping, social media etc can help provide more tailored experience online
Monitoring required under RIPA to be able to investigate someone who’s suspected of criminal activity
Facial recognition could help police focus on certain people in large crowds - more likely to be able to stop these people before problems occurred
If people know they’re being monitored then may be less likely to perform actions they shouldn’t
What are the risks of monitoring behaviour?
Invasion people’s privacy - people should be able to go about their day to day life without being continually monitored
Some technology used to monitor people may be bias or inaccurate
Companies using this to just collect as much data about users as possible as they know that they can make further money from this
What is analysing personal information?
Involves gathering, storing and getting computers to analyse personal information
What are examples of a computer analysing personal information?
Data mining on medical records
Analysing a person’s use of social media
Analysing supermarket reward card buyer habits
Banks analysing transactions on an account and using this to maybe suggest suitable products
What are the opportunities of analysing personal information?
Analyse information on vast scale and use this to spot patterns and correlations that humans wouldn’t be able to
By analysing information of people system can tailor their experience
What are the risks of analysing personal information?
Invasion of privacy - personal information and many people will not want this analysed by a computer
What are the risks of piracy and offensive communications?
Makes it easier to send threatening or offensive communications and hide who is sending it
Deep fakes could increase this - images and videos of people saying content they didn’t say that was threatening or offensive that couldn’t easily be created using AI
Offensive communications can become viral very quickly as can be quickly shared on social media platforms
Everyone is expert on social media - problem can be people that aren’t really informed about a topic can share information as if they are
When sending messages and posting information cannot tell tone - messages may seem offensive or aggressive even when not supposed to be
Increased piracy means original producer of content doesn’t get credit for their work
Increased piracy means original produce may not get money they would expect - restrict ability to be able to produce further content
What are the opportunities of layout, colour paradigms and character sets?
Colour paradigms used, font types etc could be altered by using server side scripting to determine where in the world person is from IP address and adapting content based on this
Content adapted client side by studying cookies and identifying preferences
Enables users to get more tailored experience of their content
Use ALT text on images can be used to help people with poor eyesight to still access the website by supporting the screen reader
Layout of page can be adapted using responsive design to ensure layout of content suitable for device being used
What are the risks of layout, colour paradigms and character sets?
People in one country or culture could be offended is unsuitable set of colours used when designing an application or website
Some written terms have different meanings in different cultures and it’s important for content creators to research this
Content designers that don’t set up page for people with learning difficulties may then make it difficult to access for those people
Content designers that don’t adapt layout, character sets could make it difficult for users to access
