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Neuropsych > 15 - Hypothalamus and Limbic System > Flashcards

15 - Hypothalamus and Limbic System Flashcards

1
Q

Hypothalamus and Limbic System

A
  • Hypothalamus: HOMEOSTASIS; receiving stimuli
    both exogenous and endogenous sources and responding with endocrine, autonomic and cognitive mechanisms
  • Drive Related Behaviors: Hunger, thirst, sleep, reproduction, emotions…
  • Limbic System: Integration between neocortex and hypothalamus and generating singularity of function (whole brain working together)
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2
Q

Hypothalamus anatomy 2

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3
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Hypothalamus anatomy 3

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4
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Hypothalamus anatomy 4

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5
Q

hypothalamic nucleus, their releasing hormones (chemical messengers), and the hormone they cause to be released from the pituitary

A
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6
Q

hypothalamic nucleus, their releasing hormones (chemical messengers), and the hormone they cause to be released from the pituitary: Medial preoptic nucleus

A
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7
Q

hypothalamic nucleus, their releasing hormones (chemical messengers), and the hormone they cause to be released from the pituitary: anterior nucleus

A

Somatostatin → Inhibits release of GH

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8
Q

hypothalamic nucleus, their releasing hormones (chemical messengers), and the hormone they cause to be released from the pituitary: Supraoptic nucleus

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9
Q

hypothalamic nucleus, their releasing hormones (chemical messengers), and the hormone they cause to be released from the pituitary: Paraventricular nucleus

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10
Q

hypothalamic nucleus, their releasing hormones (chemical messengers), and the hormone they cause to be released from the pituitary: Ventromedial nucleus

A

Growth hormonereleasing hormone→Growth hormone

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11
Q

hypothalamic nucleus, their releasing hormones (chemical messengers), and the hormone they cause to be released from the pituitary: Dorsomedial nucleus

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12
Q

hypothalamic nucleus, their releasing hormones (chemical messengers), and the hormone they cause to be released from the pituitary: Arcuate nucleus

A
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13
Q

hypothalamic nucleus, their releasing hormones (chemical messengers), and the hormone they cause to be released from the pituitary: Lateral hypothalamic zone

A
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14
Q

Supraoptic and Paraventricular nucleus

A

magnocellular neurons produce ADH/VP and oxytocin and
secrete in posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis, only two hormones released from posterior)

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15
Q

Suprachiasmatic nucleus

A

circadian rhythms… efferent projections innervate the pineal for melatonin production; VIP, GRP, ADH maintain clock and help regulate feeding and thirst behaviors in
circadian patterns. VIP/GRP (vasoactive intestinal peptide and gastrin releasing peptide)

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16
Q

Anterior nucleus

A

temperature regulation (cooling/sweating and vasodilation)

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17
Q

Medial/Lateral Preoptic nucleus

A

gonadotropins, sexual behavior, sexually dimorphic

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18
Q

Ventromedial nucleus

A

Satiety center. Stimulation inhibits feeding, lesion leads to hyperphagia

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19
Q

Dorsomedial nucleus

A

Olfactory, behaviors; fear, rage , aggression, aversion. Stimulate in cats: piloerection, arching of back, biting, hissing. Similar results with amygdala, and PAG.

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20
Q

Arcuate nucleus

A

Dopamine inhibition of prolactin. Site of neurokinin system targeted with FDA approved drug for HOT FLASHES

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21
Q

Mammillary Bodies

A

termination site of fornix, initiation site of mammilothalamic tract.
Involved with recall memory of aversive vs pleasurable stimuli

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22
Q

Posterior nucleus

A

rostral extension of PAG, related to fear, aggression, and analgesia. Temperature regulation (heating/vasoconstriction and shivering).

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23
Q

Tuberomammilary nucleus:

A

(just below mammillary bodies) histamine, attention and wake states

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24
Q

Periventricular Region

A

Produces somatostatin, thyroid releasing hormone,
somatostatin, leptin, gastrin, GnRH and neuropeptide y. Part of endogenous analgesia system with connections to PAG

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25
Q

Lateral Nucleus

A

Hunger center. Stimulation in animals leads to feeding, lesion leads to anorexia. OREXINS – related to feeding behavior and Sleep/Wake cycles

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26
Q

AFFERENTS TO THE HYPOTHALAMUS (diagram)

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27
Q

EFFERENTS FROM THE HYPOTHALAMUS

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28
Q

hypothalamic pathways: cranial nerves, spinothalamic tract, lower motor neurons, and spinal cord

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29
Q

Lesions of the Hypothalamus

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30
Q

Lesions of the Hypothalamus

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31
Q

Hypothalamus and Pituitary Function - Hormonal Deficiencies: ADH/VP deficiency

A

Diabetes insipidus, excessive thirst, drinking and urine production

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32
Q

Hypothalamus and Pituitary Function - Hormonal Deficiencies: Growth hormone deficiency

A

Adults: Increased cardiovascular disease, obesity, reduced
muscle strength and exercise capacity, and increased cholesterol. Infants: Hypoglycemia.
Children: Decreased height and growth rate

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33
Q

Hypothalamus and Pituitary Function - Hormonal Deficiencies: Gonadotrophin deficiency

A

Men: Diminished libido and impotence; testes shrink,
spermatogenesis is preserved.
Women and Adolescent Girls: Diminished libido and
dyspareunia; breast atrophy in chronic deficiency.
Children: Delayed or frank absence of puberty.

34
Q

Hypothalamus and Pituitary Function - Hormonal Deficiencies: Thyrotropin deficiency

A

Malaise, weight gain, lack of energy, cold intolerance, and constipation

35
Q

Hypothalamus and Pituitary Function - Hormonal Deficiencies: Corticotrophin deficiency

A

Mineralocorticoid function (angiotensin-renin axis dependent)
is not affected; deficiency limited to glucocorticoids and adrenal androgens. Initially symptoms nonspecific (weight loss, lack of energy, malaise); severe adrenal insufficiency may present as a medical emergency

36
Q

Hypothalamus and Pituitary Function - Hormonal Deficiencies: Panhypopituitarism

A

Refers to deficiency of several anterior pituitary hormones; may
occur in a slowly progressive fashion (eg, pituitary adenomas)

37
Q

Hypothalamus and Pituitary Function - Hormone Overproduction: Prolactin

A

Hypogonadism, if hyperprolactinemia sustained.
Women: amenorrhea, galactorrhea, and infertility. \
Men: decreased libido, impotence, and rarely galactorrhea

38
Q

Hypothalamus and Pituitary Function - Hormone Overproduction: Growth Hormone

A

Children: pituitary gigantism.
Adults: acromegaly, large hands and feet, face coarseness, prognathism, changes in voice, and hirsutism. Glucose intolerance with 20% of patients progressing to diabetes mellitus. Respiratory difficulty, sleep apnea,
cardiomyopathy and myopathy, carpal tunnel, lumbar canal stenosis, colonic polyps

39
Q

Hypothalamus and Pituitary Function - Hormone Overproduction: Thyrotropin

A

Can lead to hyper or hypo-thyroid, cardiac, respiratory
and CN III, IV and VI dysfunction

40
Q

Bitemporal hemianopsia

A

Tumors of the pituitary that compress the optic chiasm leads to a pathognomonic visual field deficit

41
Q

Blood supply to the hypothalamus is from circle of Willis branches especially posterior cerebral, posterior communicating, anterior cerebral, anterior communicating.

A
42
Q

LIMBIC SYSTEM

A
43
Q

Limbic System Overview

A
  • Connects Neocortex to Hypothalamus
  • Coordinates Emotional, Behavioral, and Autonomic Response to External Stimuli
  • Contributes to Learning and Memory
  • Contains Brain Regions Associated with Pleasure and Aversion
44
Q

Papez Circuit 1937

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45
Q

Limbic Structures

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46
Q

Limbic Structures -
* Hippocampus

A
  • Widespread inputs and outputs
  • Short term and declarative memory
  • Site of adult neurogenesis
  • Highly excitable, linked to common forms of focal epilepsy
47
Q

Limbic Structures - Amygdala:

A
  • Widespread inputs/outputs; informs cortical response to external stimuli
  • Associated with fear, anger, aversion, recognizing threats in faces, sounds
48
Q

Limbic Structures - Septal Area/ Basal Forebrain

A
49
Q

Limbic Structures - Cingulate Gyrus:

A

Access to all regions of neocortex and relays information to and from the hippocampus via the cingulum

50
Q

Limbic Structures - Parahippocampal/Entorhinal/Piriform/Uncus

A
  • Ventral cortical regions provide input to amygdala and hippocampus from septal, olfactory nuclei and cingulum
51
Q

Limbic structure anatomy - fornix, hippocampus, amygdala

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52
Q

Limbic structure anatomy - hippocampus and amygdala

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53
Q

hippocampus, fornix - structure

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54
Q

hippocampus surrounds structures - anatomy

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55
Q

hippocampal cortex proximity

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56
Q

Hippocampal Formation

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57
Q

hippocampal anatomy -
Cingulate Gyrus 13
Septal nuclei 17
Nucleus Accumbens 16
(aka ventral striatum 16)

A
58
Q

hippocampal anatomy - Fornix (body 19, Columns 18)

A
59
Q

hippocampal anatomy - Fornix 30, 23
Anterior nucleus of thalamus 16
Mammilothalamic tract 18
Stri Terminalis/Terminal Vein 17
Amygdala 6

A
60
Q

hippocampal anatomy -
Mammilothalamic tract 25
Amygdala 13
Stria Terminalis/Terminal Vein 20
Hippocampus 9

A
61
Q

hippocampal anatomy - Stria Medularis Thalami 37
Hippocampus 11
Stria Terminalis 22
Crua of Fornix 18

A
62
Q

hippocampal anatomy - Crua of Fornix 4
Fimbria of Fornix 9
(alveus of fornix 24)
Habenula 31
Habenulointerpeduncular tract 29
Stria Terminalis 20

A
63
Q

hippocampal anatomy -
Hippocampus proper 21
Dentate gyrus 22
Subiculum of hippocampus 23
Stria Terminalis 17

A
64
Q

hippocampal anatomy -
Hippocampus proper 18
Dentate gyrus 19
Subiculum of hippocampus 20
Crua of Fornix 12

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65
Q

Connections of the Amygdala

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66
Q

Hippocampal Connections

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67
Q

Septal Region and Reticular Formation

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68
Q

amygdala function (diagram)

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69
Q

amygdala functions

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70
Q

Limbic Structure Main Functions

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71
Q

Limbic Structure Main Functions - Hippocampus

A
  • Learning, short-term memory, processing for long term memory, spatial memory: site of early damage in Alzheimer.
72
Q

Limbic Structure Main Functions - Amygdala

A
  • Stimulation generates fear, aggression, rage; recognition of emotion in others.
  • Lesion leads to apathy, placid, tame attitude. Inappropriate response to threat.
  • Discrimination of aversive versus pleasing stimuli.
73
Q

Limbic Structure Main Functions - Septal Nuclei including basal forebrain groups and nucleus accumbens

A
  • Accumbens linked to pleasure center! Animals self stimulating this region will not stop!
  • Lesions lead to anhedonia, flat affect.
  • Cholinergic basal forebrain nuclei = cognition
74
Q

Limbic Structure Main Functions - Cingulate/Cingulum:

A
  • The cingulate gyrus has access to all neocortical regions. The cingulum is the main fiber tract connecting neocortical association areas to the hippocampal system
75
Q

Limbic Structure Main Functions - Parahippocampal/Entorhinal/Piriform/Periamygdaloid/Uncus

A
  • Olfactory and gustatory input to amygdala and hippocampus
  • Processing of input from cingulum
76
Q

hypothalamus and limbic - Clinical Correlations: Wernicke Encephalopathy-Kosakoff Psychosis

A
  • Thiamine deficiency; malnutrition, chronic alcoholism, bariatric surgery
  • Damage to mammillary bodies: Hypothalamus
  • Acute confusion, memory deficits, confabulation
77
Q

hypothalamus and limbic - Clinical Correlations: Encephalopathy

A
  • HSV-1 and temporal lobe infection
78
Q

hypothalamus and limbic - Clinical Correlations: Temporal Lobe Epilepsy

A
  • Circuit loops between hippocampus and temporal cortex
  • Sclerosis of mesial temporal structures (hippocampus, amygdala)
79
Q

hypothalamus and limbic - Clinical Correlations: Emotion, Behavior, Learning, Memory:

A
  • Perception of Facial Emotion
  • Social Exchange, “cheating”
  • Probabilistic Learning: outcomes and consequences for actions
80
Q

hypothalamus and limbic - Clinical Correlations: Addictive behaviors:

A
  • Ventral tegmental area to nucleus accumbens is main reward circuit
  • Drugs, alcohol, food, gambling, sex…
  • Dopaminergic system alterations linked to addictions
81
Q

Kluver- Bucy Syndrome (1937)

A

Neuropsych (15 decks)

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