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Physiology I > 1.5 Cardiac electrophysiology 59-68 > Flashcards

1.5 Cardiac electrophysiology 59-68 Flashcards

1
Q

an arrhythmia due to blockage in electrical conduction system of the heart (not a flow problem)

A

A-V heart block

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2
Q

first degree A-V heart block is what degree of interruption to the heart?

A

mild interruption (slowdown)

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3
Q

second degree A-V heart block is what degree of interruption to the heart?

A

moderate interruption

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4
Q

third degree A-V heart block is what degree of interruption to the heart?

A

severe interruption/disruption

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5
Q

what is a relatively common and essentially symptom-free AV heart block?

A

first degree

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6
Q

what AV heart block is a complete disruption and results in CO problems such as syncope (lightheadedness)?

A

3rd degree

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7
Q

lab findings for A-V heart block

A

abnormal ECG: lengthened P-R interval

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8
Q

wiring system of the heart is called

A

conduction system

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9
Q

the SA node is the fastest to recycle, it leads the pack and its therefore called the:

A

pacemaker

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10
Q

the SA node produces what kind of rhythm

A

sinus

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11
Q

when the SA node is stretched, it fires faster/slower/stays the same

A

faster. so increased venous return, increased atrial pressure, increased heart rate

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12
Q

impulse propagation is held up at the AV node for how long

A

1/10th second

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13
Q

knowledge of the electrical behavior of the heart lept forward with advances in cardiology sub-field of:

A

electrocardiography

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14
Q

a display from a super sensitive voltmeter called an electrocardiograph is called

A

electrocardiogram

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15
Q

the ECG represents electrical activity of the heart during its cycle. voltage recordings produce “___” on a graphical printout

A

waves

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16
Q

atrial depolarization is what on the ECG

A

P wave

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17
Q

ventricular depolarization is what on the ECG

A

QRS complex

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18
Q

ventricular repolarization is what on the ECG

A

T wave

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19
Q

Where are all the waves on the ECG/EKG? sketch it out

A

check yo’self

… before you wreck yo’self …

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20
Q

corresponds to rapid reversal of the impulse direction at the apex and now toward the base (atria)

A

S wave

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21
Q

rapid depolarization of the rest of the ventricles (initially toward apex)

A

R wave

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22
Q

described as septal activation

A

Q wave

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23
Q

the ___ wave corresponds to atrial muscle cells.

the ___ corresponds to steep phase of ventricular action potentials

the ___ corresponds roughly to the relative refractory periods

A

P wave; QRS complex; T wave

24
Q

a flat spot or baseline on the ECG is termed

A

segment

25
Q

combination of waves or waves/segments on the ECG is termed

A

interval

26
Q

Note: ST segment during the ____

A

absolute refractory period

27
Q

Note: PR segment due to ___

A

AV nodal slowdown

28
Q

an important stretch often examined in ventricles that are in trouble. Serious problem in the muscle cells of the pumping chambers when this segment is “elevated” (injury, infarct) or “depressed” (non-specific)

A

ST segment

29
Q

represents the delay at the AV node. long segments here indicate some sort of electrical system blockage between atria and ventricles

A

PR segment

30
Q

What could cause a shift in the mean QRS vector (AKA electrical axis of the ventricles)?

A

inhalation/exhalation or tall/thin or short/stocky body type

31
Q

How would inhalation or tall/thin body type shift the mean QRS vector (AKA electrical axis of the ventricles)?

A

right shift

32
Q

How would exhalation or short/stocky body type shift the mean QRS vector (AKA electrical axis of the ventricles)?

A

left shift

33
Q

what causes heart to shift right on axis?

A

inhalation or tall/thin body type

34
Q

what causes heart to shift left on axis?

A

exhalation or short/stocky body type

35
Q

a (heart) shift out of normal range

A

axis deviation

36
Q

asynchronous contractions

A

arrhythmia

37
Q

tachycardia can happen because:

A

high body temp, sympathetic stimulation to the heart

38
Q

bradycardia can happen because

A

athletic conditioning (normal), and abnormal when parasympathetic stimulation is excessive ie when baroreceptors in the neck become compressed by arteriosclerosis

39
Q

sinus arrhythmia usually due to

A

ventilation … causes changes in sympathetic and parasympathetic signals. ie. inhalation = increased heart rate and exhalation = decreased heart rate

40
Q

ischemia of the AV node or bundle or bundle branches

A

atrioventricular block

41
Q

a heart block that results in minor lengthening of the PR interval or segment

A

1st degree AV block

42
Q

heart block that is serious lengthening of the PR interval with occasional missing, “dropped” beats in ventricles though atria still regular

A

2nd degree AV block

43
Q

heart block that is ventricular “escape” as atria beat at ~ 75bpm and ventricles at ~30 bpm

A

3rd degree AV block (complete)

44
Q

the “AV block” in the Purkinje system is called

A

intraventricular block

45
Q

usually produces a very abnormal QRS interval

A

intraventricular block

46
Q

an electrical event out of proper location (from the normal sequence)

A

Ectopi Foci

47
Q

atria prematurely beats

A

premature contration (usually harmless)

48
Q

premature ventricular contractions (“PVS”s)

A

premature contraction, can be deadly

49
Q

why premature contraction?

A

hyper-excitability of myocardial tissue such that it depolarizes at the wrong time

50
Q

what can cause hyper-excitability of myocardial tissue

A

over use of stimulants (caffeine, nicotine)

lack of sleep

local ischemia (atherosclerosis and low O2 availability)

51
Q

most common cause of fibrillation

A

myocardial ischemia due to atherosclerosis

52
Q

impulse re-entry (AKA circus movement)

A

positive feedback

  • Start at “12 o’clock” and proceed clockwise around a loop of cardiac muscle
  • Normally, impulse ends when it reaches absolutely refracted tissue (at the starting point)
  • However, imagine that the starting tissue is ready to go again! Due to: slow impulse conduction, long impulse paths
  • Impulse “reentry” occurs (and continues) with no coordinated contractions
  • Nearly zero ejection fraction so no cardiac output = no coronary blood flow = weakening heart
53
Q

technique to interrupt ventricular fibrillation by the application of a large electrical shock

A

defibrillation

54
Q

a technique used to get the SA node back on rhythm by timing a mild shock during an R-S wave

A

cardioversion

55
Q

a disease/condition of slowing or blockage of normal electrical impulse propagation through cardiac conducting system

A

A-V heart block

Physiology I (15 decks)

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