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Cardiovascular Physiology > 15 Cardiac cycle > Flashcards

15 Cardiac cycle Flashcards

1
Q

Under sympathetic activity, there is a ______________ in which more Ca2+ will be released.
_____________ phosphorylation facilitates it.

A

Calcium-induced Calcium release.

RyR (Ryanodine receptor)

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2
Q

Ca2+ uptake up by ____________ is needed for relaxation.

Under sympathetic stimulation what happens?

A

SERCA
(Smooth ER Ca2+ ATPase)

phosphorylated PLB suppresses the inhibitory effect of PLB > more effective Ca2+ uptake, faster relaxation

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3
Q

How is Ca2+ extruded into extracellular space?

A

Na+/Ca2+ exchanger (NCX)
or
plasma membrane Ca2+ ATPase

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4
Q

What are the 5 events of a heart beat?

A
  1. Atrial systole
  2. Isovolumetric contraction
  3. Ventricular ejection
  4. Isovolumetric ventricular relaxation
  5. Ventricular diastole
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5
Q

During atrial systole, mitral valve _________. Why?

A

closes when ventricular pressure exceeds atrial pressure

> ventricular filling stops

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6
Q

Isovolumetric ventricular contraction is a period of ventricular contraction when no blood is ejected. Why will this happen?
What are the states of the valves?

A

Ventricular pressure is lower than aortic pressure

All closed

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7
Q

When is the 1st heart sound audible?

A

Mitral valve / Atrioventricular valves close during isovolumetric ventricular contraction.

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8
Q

When is the 2nd heart sound audible?

A

Aortic valves close during isovolumetric ventricular relaxation.

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9
Q

When does isovolumetric ventricular relaxation occur?

A

When ventricular pressure drops

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10
Q

_________ is a result of aortic valve closing, creating

turbulence and transient increase in aortic pressure.

A

Dicrotic notch

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11
Q

Does the mitral valve open during isovolumetric ventricular relaxation?

A

No.

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12
Q

Ventricular diastole occurs when ventricles are fully relaxed.

_______ also means slowed ventricular filling.

A

Diastasis

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13
Q

The pressure changes in ______ and ______ is similar.

A

Pulmonary artery pressure and right ventricular pressure

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14
Q

What is the equation to SV?

What is the typical volume?

A

SV = EDV - ESV

70 ml = 135-65 ml

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15
Q

Ejection fraction describes the effectiveness of ventricular ejection. How can it be calculated?
What is the normal number?

A

EF = stroke volume/ EDV
0.55
normally >0.5

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16
Q

What does the Frank-Starling relationship tell us?

A

Stroke volume increases as cardiac filling increases

17
Q

What is the autonomic effect on stroke volume? (Sym or para or both? What receptors are stimulated?)

A

Sympathetic only
Ach stimulates M2 receptors in atria
and B1 receptors increases ventricular contractility
- stroke volume increases due to increased contractile force even EDV is the same

18
Q

In pressure volume loop, what are the x and y axises respectively?

A

X: left ventricular volume
Y: Left ventricular pressure

19
Q

What does the length of a horizontal line drawn from 4 to 1 means?

A

SV

20
Q

when 4> 1 from left to right, what happens?

What is the states of mitral valve?

A

Ventricular filling

4: opens
1: closes; EDV

21
Q

When 1>2 in P-V loop from down to upwards, what happens?

A

Isovolumetric contraction

22
Q

When 2>3 in P-V loop from right to left, what happens?What is the states of aortic valve?

A

Ventricular ejection

2: opens
3: closes; ESV

23
Q

What does the point 1 in a P-V loop indicates?

A

EDV

24
Q

What does the point 3 on a P-V loop indicates?

A

ESV

25
Q

When 3>4 in a P-V loop, from up to downwards, what happens?

A

Isovolumetric relaxation

26
Q

What does preload mean?

A

EDV

27
Q

What is indicative of afterload?

A

Aortic pressure / MAP

28
Q

In hypertension patients, how will the P-V loop change?

A
  1. decreased SV (increase afterload= need more pressure to push the same amount of blood)

> narrower loop

  1. higher point of 2 (needs higher pressure)
  2. higher and earlier point of 3, as aortic pressure is even higher, it shuts the valve

Cardiovascular Physiology (14 decks)

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