15/16 Flashcards
marine fish lose water by _____
osmosis
marine fish gain _____ by diffusion
electrolytes
marine fish lose ______ by active transport
electrolyte
land animals lose water by ______
evaporation
osmoregulation
the process animals use to maintain solute and water balance in their bodies
in land vertebrates, osmoregulation occurs primarily in ____
kidney
how is water pumped in the kidney
osmotic gradient set up by the active transport of solutes
the ____ _____ brings nitrogenous wastes into the kidney; the ____ _____ takes the cleaned blood away
renal artery, renal vein
the urine formed in the kidney is transported through a long tube called the _____ to a storage organ called _____ and then excreted through the ______
ureter, bladder, urethra
the _____ is the basic functioning structure of the kidney
nephron
most of the nephron are located in the ____ but some extend into the _____
cortex, medulla
the _____ _____ filters blood, forming a filtrate consisting of ions, nutrients, wastes, and water.
renal corpuscle
the ____ _____ has epithelial cells that reabsorb nutrients, ions, and water from the filtrate into the blood
proximal tubule
the _____ ___ ______ establishes a strong osmotic gradient in the interstitial fluid surrounding the loop
loop of henle
osmolarity _____ as the loop descends into the medilla
osmolarity
the _____ _____ has epithelial cells that reabsorb nutrients, ions and water from the filtrate into the blood
proximal tubule
The ____ _____ reabsorbs ions and water in a way that helps maintain water and electrolyte balance.
distal tubule
The _____ _____, may reabsorb more water to maintain homeostasis.
collecting duct
the rate of production of filtrate through the glomerulus is called ___ ________ _____
glormerular filtration rate
intrinsic regulation of GFR
1) myogenic response
2) tubuloglomerular feedback
3) mesangial control
Extrinsic regulation of GFR
hormones circulating in the blood can regulate GFR and kidney function
selective reabsorption in the proximal tubule
- Na+/K+ ATPase in the basolateral membranes removes intracellular Na into the interstitial fluid to create gradient for Na entry from the lumen
- in the apical membrane, na+ dependent cotransporters use the gradient to remove ions and nutrients selectively from the filtrate.
- the solutes that move into the cell diffuse across the basolateral membrane into nearby blood vessels.
- water follows ions from the proximal tubule into the cell and then into the blood vessels.
most nutrients in the filtrate are reabsorbed in the _____ _____
proximal tubule
in the loop of henle, water leaves through the ____ ____ and ions(Na+ and Cl-) leaves through the ____ _____
descending limb, ascending limb
Na+ and Cl- are _______ transported at the thick ascending limb
actively
network of blood vessels running along the loop of henle is called
vasa recta
reabsorbed water and electrolytes from the loop of henle goes into the ___ ___
vasa recta
if sodium levels in the blood are low, the adrenal galnds release the hormone _______
aldosterone
Aldosterone leads to:
the activation of sodium pumps and reabsorption of sodium in the distal tubule.
Aldosterone stimulates secretion of __ and __ from the blood into the distal tubule
potassium, hydrogen
if an individual is dehydrated, the brain releases_______ ________
antidiuretic hormone
ADH has two important effects on epithelial cells in the collecting duct
- triggers the insertion of aquaporins into the apical membrane.
- increases permeability to urea, which is reabsorbed into the surrounding fluid.
arteriole that carries blood into the renal corpuscle
afferent arteriole
arteriole that carries blood away from the renal corpuscle
efferent arteriole
