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AP World History - Jordan > 1450 - 1750 Western Europe Key People and Terms > Flashcards

1450 - 1750 Western Europe Key People and Terms Flashcards

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1
Q

Henry IV

Henry the 4th

A
  • Henry of Navarre
  • King of France
  • Raised as a Protestant and converted to Catholicism to solidify his power and unify France
  • He did this because French Catholics and Huguenots (Calvinists) had been fighting for nearly 50 years
  • Promoted religious toleration of the Huguenots (French Calvinists); Issued Edict of Nantes which allowed Huguenots to practice their faith
  • His advisor, Jean Bodin, advocated the divine right of the monarchy, the claim that the right to rule was given to a king by God
  • His rule saw increasing emphasis on national sovereignty, which became more and more absolute in France until reaching a high point with Louis XIV (14th)
  • First King from Bourbon dynasty
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2
Q

Henry VIII (8th)

A
  • King of England
  • part of Tutor dynasty
  • Wanted a male heir
  • Wife gave birth to several daughters after which he asked the pope’s permission to annul his marriage so he could marry Anne Boleyn
  • Pope refused because worried about reaction of Charles V, the powerful emperor of the Holy roman Empire and the nephew of Henry’s wife
  • With approval of English parliament set himself up as head of new Church of England (Anglican Church)
  • Henry’s daughters, Mary Tudor and Elizabeth I, later ruled
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3
Q

Anne Boleyn

A

Henry VIII’s second wife
He created Anglican Church and made himself head so that he could divorce his first wife and marry Boleyn

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4
Q

Charles V

A
  • Emperor of Holy Roman Empire
  • Abdicated because discouraged by his inability to stop the spread of Lutheranism
  • Left Spain to son Philip II and Holy Roman Empire to brother Ferdinand
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5
Q

Holy Roman Empire

A
  • After fall of Carolingian Dynasty in 888 in Western Europe there was little effective political organizatoin until creation of Holy Roman Empire in 962
  • German king Otto I was crowned Holy Roman Emperor in 962
  • There was a power struggle with papacy in 11th and 12th century over whether a secular leader rather than the pope could appoint bishops; resolved in Concordat of Worms in 1122, when the Church achieved autonomy from secular authorities
  • Holy Roman Empire remained vibrant until virtually destroy during Thirty Years’ War from which never recovered
  • Empire came to an end with Napoleon’s invastion in 1806
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6
Q

Philip II

A

King of Spain, Portugal, Naples and Sicily
During his reign Spain reach peak of influence and power
Saw self as defender of Catholic Europe

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7
Q

Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand

A
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8
Q

Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand

A

King and Queen of Spain
Supported Christopher Columbus in voyages West to get East

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9
Q

James I

A

King of England
Stuart dynasty
Wrote The True Law of Free Monarchy asserting that the monarch was free to make the laws, an assertion with which Parliament did not agree

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10
Q

Charles I

A
  • King of England
  • Stuart dynasty
  • Signed the Petition of Right which restated that monarch could not levy taxes without Parliament’s consent, imprison person without charges, or quarter soldiers in a private home without permission
  • Despite signing, then ignored it and did not call a meeting of Parliament for 11 years
  • As a result was subsequently at war with Parliament (English Civil War), a war in which lost crown and was beheaded
  • English Civil War, also called Puritan Revolution, was between supporters of Stuart monarchy (Charles I) and supporters of Parliament, many of whom were Puritans
  • English Civil War was over what powers Parliament should have as compared to powers of monarchy
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11
Q

Oliver Cromwell

A
  • Parliamentry leader during English Civil War
  • Lord Protector of Commonwealth after beheading of Charles I
  • After death was succeeded by son Richard who was a weak ruler which led to a power vaccuum
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12
Q

Charles II

A

Fled to France during English Civil War
Due to weak leadership of Richard Cromwell, Charles II was asked to return and Stuart monarchy was restored to England
King of England

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13
Q

James II

A
  • King of England
  • Son of Charles II
  • Broke with Parliament completely
  • English feared he was going to convert to Catholicism and force England to do the same
  • Group of lords invited William and Mary, the Protestants monarchs of the Netherlands, to become joint rules of England and James II fled the country; Known as the Glorious Revolution
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14
Q

William and Mary

A
  • Joint rulers of Englang
  • Protestant monarchs of the Netherlands who were invited by a group of English lords to replace King James II of England; Called the Glorious Revolution
  • Signed the English Bill of Rights, which assured individual civil liberties and required agreement of Parliament on matters of taxation and raising an army
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15
Q

Jean Bodin

A
  • Advisor to French King Henry IV
  • Advocated divine right of monarchy, i.e. right to rule was given to a king by God
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16
Q

Cardinal Richelieu

A
  • Minister for French King Louis XIII (13th)
  • Moved France to even greater centralization of government and development of the system of intendents
  • Intendents were royal officials sent out to French provinces to execute the orders of the central government; sometimes called “tax farmers” because oversaw collection of taxes to support royal government
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17
Q

Louis XIV (14th)

A
  • King of France
  • Bourbon dynasty
  • Strongly espoused a theory of divine right and ruled as a virtual dictator
  • Combined the role of lawmaker and justice system in one single person; he believed he was the state
  • Goals were to hold absolute power and expand French borders
  • Used palace at Versailles to entertain nobles and prevent them from fomenting rebellion in home provinces
  • The enormous and spectacular Versailles was also a demonstration of his power
  • In the long run his and his successors’ refusal to share power with the nobility weakened the French government
  • Intendents (‘tax-farmers’) helped to implement financial system put into place by Louis’ finance minister Jean-Baptiste Colbert
  • One important reform of Colbert was to make French manufactured goods more competitive by creating the Five Great Farms, an area free from internal taxes
  • Carried on number of wars because wanted to expaned the borders of France; ie War of the Spanish Succession
  • In paying for wars he contributed to the economic problems of France which were part of the reason for the French Revolution of 1789
    *
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18
Q

Prince Henry the Navigator

A
  • Portugal was bounded by Spain and able only to expand overseas
  • Very interested in navigational technology
  • First in a series of European royalty to sponsor seafaring expeditions, searching for an all-water route to the east as well as for African gold
  • Financed expeditions along Africa’s Atlantic Coast and around the Cape of Good Hope, exploring African coastal communities and kingdomes before other European powers
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19
Q

Politiques

A
  • Moderates who approached ruling with practicality rather than theology
  • Henry IV was an example of this philosophy in action because converted to Catholicism in order to solidify his power as King of France
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20
Q

Spanish Armada

A
  • Philip II of Spain tried to conquer and convert England to catholicism but in 1588 English navy (and bad weather) defeated the powerful Spanish Armada destroying all but 1/3 of it
  • Before this the English didn’t have the sea power to defend themselved from Spanish naval forced
  • With this victory England declared itself a major naval power and began competing for lands and resources in the Americas
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21
Q

Schmalkaldic League

A
  • In 1546-1547 forces of Charles V (ruler of Holy Roman Empire) fought the German Schmalkaldic League
  • Resulted in 1555 Peace of Augsburg which allowed each German state to choose whether its ruler, and therefore all churches and inhabitants, would be Catholic or Lutheran; People who rejected ruler’s choice of religion could move to another state where preferred religion was practiced
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22
Q

Edict of Nantes

A

Issued by King Henry IV of France
Allow French Huguenots (Protestant) o practice their faith
Provided relgious toleration in France for the next 87 years

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23
Q

Thirty Years’ War

A

1618-1648
Final great relgious war between Catholics and Protestants in Europe
Led to economic catastrophe for most of the continent - widespread famine, starvation, and disease
Particularly hard hit were the Netherlands, Bohemia, and the German and Italian states
Ended with Peace of Westphalia
Religious map of Europe was pretty stable after this war

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24
Q

Peace of Westphalia

A

Ended Thirty Years’ War
Allowed each area of Holy Roman Empire to select one of 3 religious options - Catholicism, Lutheranism, or Calvinism
After this settlement France, Spain and Italy were predominantly Catholic and Northenr Europe was either Lutheran or Calvinist; England was Protestant with a state church
Allowing rulers of various areas of the Holy Roman Empire to choose a denomination had important political effects; it gave the countries and duchies much more autonomy than they had had previously
States of Prussia (now part of Germany) began to assert themselves althought they still formally belonged to the Holy Roman Empire
Prussia, after suffering tremendous destruction during the Thirty Years’ War developed a strong military; the Prussian military tradition would become a key factor in European politics into the 20th century

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25
Q

new monarchies

A

dDeveloped in Europe as a result of the desire of certain leaders to centralize power by controlling taxes, the army, and many aspects of religion
Tudors in England, Valois in France, and Isabella and Ferdinant in Spain
Bureaucracies increase and power of middle class grew at expense of lords and churches; new monarchies moved ot curb private armies of nobility
By end of 1500s this centralization coalesced into a system of government that led to absolute sovereignty in England and France
But by 18th century , Parliament predominated in England and divine right monarchy predominated in France

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26
Q

English civil war

A

Sometimes called Puritan revolution
Broke out in 1642 between suprrosed of Stuart monarchy and supporters of Parliament, many of whom were Puritans; mainly over what powers Parliament should have in relation to those of the monarch
Charles I signed the Petition of Right in 1629 but then ignored and did not call a meeting of Parliament for 11 years
By 1642 was at war with Parliament and lost his throne and head
In 1660 a compromise was reached to allow the return of the monarchy; Charles II who had been in exile in France became the new Stuart king

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27
Q

Puritan Revolution

A

same as English Civil War

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28
Q

Petition of Right

A

1628
Signed by King Charles I of England
Restated proposition that monarch could not levy taxes without Parliament’s consent, imprison persons without charge, or quarter soldiers in a private home without permission

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29
Q

Glorious Revolution

A

James II, a Stuart, broke with Parliament
Many English feared he was about to convert to Catholicism and force the country to do the same
In 1688 a group of lords invited William and Mary, the Protestant monarchs of the Netherlands, to become joint rulers of England
James II fled the country

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30
Q

English Bill of Rights

A

William and Mary signed
Assured individual civil liberties

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31
Q

Toleration Act of 1689

A

Granted freedom of worship to non-Anglicans
But English monarch had to be Anglican as was head of Church of England

32
Q

divine right of monarchy

A

Claim that the right to rule was given to a king by God

33
Q

intendants

A

French royal officials sent out to provinces to execute the orders of the central government
Sometimes called “tax farmers” because oversaw collection of various taxes in support of royal government
During reign of Louis XIV helped to implement financial system put into place by finance minister Jean-Baptiste Colbert

34
Q

Versailles

A

Spacious and elegant palace of Louis XIV
Highlighted his power
Political instrument where entertained nobles and kept them from conducting business elsewhere, such as rebellion in home provinces
Could accomodate 100s of guests

35
Q

War of the Spanish Succession

A
  • Louis XIV gained throne of Spain for Bourbon family which precipitated the War of the Spanish Succession
  • War involved three contenders for the vacant throne of Spain, and involved much of Europe for over a decade. The main action saw France as the defender of Spain against a multinational coalition. The war was very expensive and bloody and finally stalemated
  • The death of childless Charles II of Spain in November 1700 led to a struggle for control of the Spanish Empire between his heirs, Philip of Anjou and Charles of Austria, and their respective supporters, among them Spain, Austria, France, the Dutch Republic, Savoy and Great Britain
  • Attempts by Louis XIV of France and William III of England to resolve the issue through diplomacy were rejected by the Spanish and Charles II named Louis’ grandson, Philip of Anjou, as his heir. His proclamation as king of an undivided Spanish Empire on 16 November 1700 led to war, with France and Spain on one side and the Grand Alliance on the other.
36
Q

Peace of Utrecht

A
  • Stipulated that same person could not hold the thrones of France and Spain simultaneously
  • Allowed Philip V (grandson of King Louis XIV of France) to keep the Spanish throne in return for permanently renouncing his claim to the French throne, along with other necessary guarantees that would ensure that France and Spain should not merge, thus preserving the balance of power in Europe.
37
Q

Parlements

A
38
Q

maritime empires

A

Empires based on sea travel.
Spain, Portugal, Great Britain, France and Holland

39
Q

Great Peace of Montreal

A

1701
Peace treat between Iroquois and French
As English settlers moved into former Dutch territory, the English began to form ties with the powerful Iroquois, who had been in conflict with the French over trade issues for decades
Over time, the Iroquois began to realize that the English posed more of a threat than the French
This treaty was the culmination of the shift in alliances of the Iroquois

40
Q

sepoys

A

European-trained Indian private forces
Used by East India Company when moving inland in India

41
Q

Huguenots

A

French Calvinists
In France, Catholics and Huguenots fought for almost 50 years

42
Q

Cluniac Reforms

A

11th century attempts to reform Church from within
Eventually corruption, as well as theological disagreements, drove reformers such as John Wycliffe, John Huss, and Martin Luther, to part ways with the Catholic Church

43
Q

Lollards (John Wycliffe)

A
  • England in late 1300s
  • Argued priests were unnecessary for salvation
  • Wycliffe was vilified for translating parts of the Bible into the English vernacular to make it available to the mass of believers who neither read or understood Latin
44
Q

Hussites (Jan Hus)

A

Bohemia
Declared heretics for beliefs similar to Wycliffe and Lollards
Jan Hus burned at stake

45
Q

Huldrych Zwingli

A
  • Geneva
  • Compaigned for a religion that would follow the exact teachings of scriptures
  • For ex. opposed to celibacy of the clergy because the rule was imposed long after the scriptures were written
46
Q

Reformation

A

Result of corruption, theological disagreements in Roman Catholic church
Instigated by Martin Luther, John Calvin, Henry VIII
* Direct access to god, bible in vernacular
* Calvinists believed in pre-destination

47
Q

Martin Luther

A

Monk in Wittenburg, a German city in Holy Roman Empire
Believed several church practices violated biblical teachings
Objected to sale of indulgences and simony (selling of church offices)
95 Theses
Excommunicated by Catholic church
Some German political leaders looking to free selves from power of Pope sided with Luther

48
Q

95 Theses

A

Martin Luther’s charges against Church, nailed to a church door

49
Q

indulgences

A
  • Sold by church
  • Granted a person absolution from the punishments for sin
50
Q

simony

A

Selling of churh offices

51
Q

John Calvin

A
  • French theologian who broke with Catholic Church
  • Helped reform religious community in Geneva, Switzerland
  • The elect were those predestined to go to heaven
  • Elect ran the Calvinist community which was based around plain living, simple church building, and governance by the by the elders of the church
  • French Huguenots were Calvinists
  • Reformed Church of Scotland were offshoots of Calvinism
  • Puritans in England, later, Boston, were another offshoot of Calvinism who wanted to purify the Church of England of Catholic remnants
  • Calvinists were encouraged to work hard and reinvent their profits; prosperity ostensibly showed their position among the elect
52
Q

the elect

A

In Calvinism were those predestined to go to heaven
Ran the community, which was based around plain living, simple church buildings, and governance by the elders of the church

53
Q

predestined

A

Determined in advance by God’s will
In Calvinism the elect were those predestined to go to heaven

54
Q

Reformed Church of Scotnd

A

Offshoot of Calvinist led by John Knox

55
Q

Puritans

A

Offshoot of Calvinism in England and, later, Boston who wanted to purify the Church of England of Catholic remnants

56
Q

Anglican Church

A

Henry VIII of England wanted a male heir
After wife gave birth to several daughters, Henry asked pope’s permission to annul his first marriage so he could marry Anne Boleyn
But pope refused because was worried about the reaction of the powerful emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, Charles V, who was the nephew of Henry’s wife
With approval of English Parliament, Henry VIII set himself up as head of the new Church of England which would be free of control by Pope

57
Q

Counter-Reformation

A
  • Catholic reformation
  • Vigorous fight against Protestant Reformation
  • Yielded such gains for Catholic Church that remains largest Christian denomination in world
  • Catholicism remained predominant in areas of Western Europe near Mediterranean sea and most of people in Spanish, Portuguese, and French colonies became Catholic
  • Counter-reformation strategies were
    1. Council of Trent which corrected some of worst of Church’s abuses and concentrated on reaffirming the rituals such as marriage and other sacraments improving the eduction of priests, and publishing the Index of Prohibited Books, writing that the Church considered dangerous to one’s faith if read
    2. Increased use of Inquisition, which had been established in the late 12th century to root out and punish nonbelievers; Sometimes allowed use of torture to achieve its ends
    3. Jesuits, or Society of Jesus, a religious order, undertook missionary activity in Europe and abroad
58
Q

Jesuits

A

Society of Jesus, a religious order founded in 1540 by Ignatius of Loyola, undertook missionary activity in Europe and abroad

59
Q

Council of Trent

A

1545 - 1563
Response to Protestant Reformation
Corrected some of worst of Church’s abuses
Concentrated on:
* Reaffirming the rituals such as marriage and other sacraments
* Improving the eduction of priests, and
* Publishing the Index of Prohibited Books, writing that the Church considered dangerous to one’s faith if read

60
Q

Index of Prohibited Books

A
  • Published by Catholic Church as part of Counter-Reformation
  • Writings that Church considered dangerous to one’s faith if read
61
Q

Leonardo da Vinci

A
  • Renaissance Italy
  • Artist and inventor
  • Painter of Last Supper and Mona Lisa
62
Q

Micheangelo

A
  • Italian Renaissance
  • Painted ceiling of Sistine Chapel
  • Scupted David
63
Q

Thomas Hobbes

A
  • Philosopher
  • Explored idea of a social contract, an agreement in which people gave up some of their rights in exchange for the benefits of living in a community under the protection of a government
  • Argued that people’s natural state was to live in a bleak world in which life was “nasty, brutish, and short.”
  • In The Leviathon he feared weak government; emphasized the need for a government that was strong enough to protect people from each other
  • By argued that by agreeing to a social contract people gave up some rights to an absolutist monarch in return for law and order
64
Q

John Locke

A
  • Philosopher
  • Explored idea of a social contract, an agreement in which people gave up some of their rights in exchange for the benefits of living in a community under the protection of a government
  • In Two Treatises of Government he feared excessive government
  • Emphasized the need for a government with enough restraints on it to protect people from tyranny
  • Argued that people had a right and even a duty to rebel against a government that exceeded its legitimate power
  • Argued that each man had a natural right - a right in the “state of nature” - to life, liberty, and the pursuit of property
  • Influence Thomas Jefferson’s writing in the Declaration of Independent, i.e. life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness
65
Q

social contract

A

Agreement in which people gave up some of their rights in exchange for the benefits of living in a community under the protection of a governmen

66
Q

Francis Bacon

A

English scientist and philosopher
Developed an early scientific method called empiricism, which insisted on the collection of data to back up a hypothesis

67
Q

empiricism

A

Early scientific method which insisted on the collection of data to back up a hypothesis

68
Q

Royal Academy of Science

A

Establsihed in France and England
Helped advance of science

69
Q

Sir Isaac Newton

A
  • Combined Galileo’s laws of terrestrial motion and Johannes Kepler’s laws of planetary motion, and published a work on gravitational force called Principia
  • Ideas in Principia impacted science and mathematics and helped lead to a new vision of the world
70
Q

Johannes Kepler

A

Laws of planetary motion

71
Q

Galileo

A

Laws of terrestiral motion

72
Q

Scholasticism

A
  • System of study in 13th century by Thomas Acquinas
  • Tried to reconcile Aristotelian knowledge with Christian faith
  • Argued that faith was not endangered by logical thinking
  • This view opened the way for the secularism and Christian humanism of the Renaissance as well as for the later Enlightenment ideas of progress, reason, and natural law
73
Q

Romanesque cathedrals

A

Common style since mid-11th century
Rectangular in shape with stone vaulted ceilings; rested on massive pillars and walls, with few and narrow windows
Dark and forbidding appearance
Style replaced in beginning in mid-12th century with new Gothic style

74
Q

philosophes

A

18th century
New group of thinkers and writers
Explored social, political, and economic theories in new ways, popularizing concepts they fet followed rationally upon those of the scientific thinkers of the 17th century
Popularized Enlightenment Ideals and worked to apply the principles to government and society
Religious toleration, representative government, civil rights
These thinkers wrote extensively with each other, with some monarchs and with the reading public throughout the Western world

75
Q

Five Great Farms

A

Areas free from internal taxes in France
Created by Louis XIV’s finance minister Jean-Baptiste Colbert to make French manufactured goods more competitive

76
Q

Bank of Amsterdam

A

By 1609 Bank of Amsterdam traded currency internationally
Dutch were pioneers in finance

77
Q

joint-stock companies

A
  • Owned by investors who bought stock or shares in them
  • People invested capital and shared both the profits and the risks of exploration and trading ventures
  • Offering limited liability, the principle that an investor was not responsible for a company’s debts or other liabilities beyond the amount of an investment, made investing safer
  • Developing middle class had capital to invest from successful businesses ; They also had money with which to purchase imported luxuries
  • Dutch, English, and French all developed joint-stock companies in the 17th century
  • In Spain and Portugal, however, the government did most of the investing through grants to certain explorers

AP World History - Jordan (4 decks)

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