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Physiology (BIO 141/142) > 141 Exam 2 > Flashcards

141 Exam 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

synapse

A

junction between 2 nerve cells, minute gap where impulses pass by diffusion of neurotransmitter

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2
Q

neurotransmitter

A

chemical substance released at end of nerve fiber by arrival of impulse- transfers impulse

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3
Q

presynaptic cell

A

axon terminal faces receiving cell

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4
Q

postsynaptic cell

A

separated by synaptic cleft, receives signals via neurotransmitters

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5
Q

EPSP

A

excitatory postsynaptic potential, depolarization (Na+) of postsynaptic membrane by stimulation by neurotransmitter

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6
Q

IPSP

A

inhibitory postsynaptic potential makes postsynaptic neuron less likely to generate action potential, hyperpolarization (k+)

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7
Q

summation

A

cumulative action or effect (individual stimuli would be inadequate)

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8
Q

ligand gates post synaptic cells

A

bind with neurotransmitters

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9
Q

neural coding

A

neurons fire under specific conditions (pain, touch, hard for skin and rods vs. cones for eyes) strong stimuli has many action potentials per second

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10
Q

afferent division

A

nerve fibers that convey impulses to CNS from sensory receptors. nerves from brain and spinal cord. (somatic, visceral, and special)

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11
Q

efferent division

A

transmits impulses from CNS to effector organs (muscles and glands) (somatic (skin) and visceral)

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12
Q

visceral

A

internal organs of body, many are chemoreceptors, involuntary (sympathetic flight or fight, blood vessels/smooth muscle, para= rest and digest)

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13
Q

proprioceptors

A

sensory receptors in muscles giving info about position and movement of body parts

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14
Q

ganglion

A

nerve cell cluster, cell bodies and dendrites bundled and connected

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15
Q

preganglionic neurons

A

convergence of output

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16
Q

adrenergic neurons

A

norepinephrine

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17
Q

postganglionic neurons

A

divergence of output parasympathetic is 1:4

sympathetic is 1:20

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18
Q

cholinergic neurons

A

acetylcholine

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19
Q

lamellated corpuscle

A

deep pressure (nerve end embedded in connective tissue

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20
Q

somatic motor

A

voluntary movement (muscle contraction)

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21
Q

somatic motor

A

voluntary movement (muscle contraction), efferent neurons ACh, cholinergic neurons)

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22
Q

sympathetic division

A

increase HR, BP and respiration, dilates pupils, ejaculation. decreases blood flow to unnecessary organs such as intestines and saliva production,

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23
Q

parasympathetic division

A

decrease HR, respiration. increases digestion relaxation, urination & defecation. counteracts sympathetic fight or flight neurons originate in brain or sacral region of spinal cord, acetocholine !

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24
Q

excitability

A

responds to chemical

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25
Q

conductivity

A

propogates electrical signals

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26
Q

contractility

A

ability to shorten and generate force

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27
Q

extensibility

A

ability to stretch without damage

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28
Q

elasticity

A

return to original shape after stretch

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29
Q

skeletal muscles (1/3)

A

voluntary, striated, multinucleated, connected to bone/skin/fascia

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30
Q

Cardiac muscle (2/3)

A

involuntary, striated, mononucleate, autorhythmic

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31
Q

smooth muscle (3/3)

A

involuntary, non-striated, mononucleate, ex. blood vessels, hair follicles, walls of hollow organs.

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32
Q

muscle

A

group of fasicles

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33
Q

fasicles

A

group of muscle cells

34
Q

muscle cells

A

filled with myofibrils

35
Q

myofibrils

A

long bundles of 3 types of proteins
myofilaments,
sarcomeres (contractile unit)

36
Q

mitochondrion

A

where cell respiration takes place

37
Q

creatine phosphate

A

transfers P to ADP to create ATP quickly, good for short bursts, built up in resting muscles

38
Q

lactic acid cycle

A

when there’s not enough oxygen the lactic acid is transformed to glucose in the liver or is changed back to pyruvic acid

39
Q

myoglobin

A

oxygen binding specific for muscles, higher affinity than hemoglobin for oxygen so it makes it available to mitochondria.

40
Q

sarcolemma

A

muscle cell membrane

41
Q

sarcoplasm

A

cytoplasm of muscle cell, has myofibrils, myoglobin

42
Q

T-tubules

A

tube like structures in sarcolemma that penetrate interior of cell.

43
Q

sarcoplasmic retitculum

A

terminal cisternae associated with T-tubules, stores calcium ions

44
Q

myofibrils have 3 types of myofilaments that form sarcomere (org of proteins)

A

thick- miosin protein
thin- actin protein
elastic- titin protein

45
Q

thick filaments

A

hundred of myosin proteins, which hydrolizes ATP to move head to generate force

46
Q

thin filaments

A

actin-binds to myosin
tropomyosin- blocks active site of myosin in relaxed
troponin- regulates tropomyosin (moves it in presence of calcium)

47
Q

sarcomere

A

A bands are thick filaments (H band lighter) Z disk= edge, M line= mid of sarcomere. striations are light and dark. I band is light, thin filaments only.

48
Q

Sarcomere contraction

A

sliding filaments (thin pulled along thick until M line. H and I bands shrink uses ATP

49
Q

motor endplate

A

part of sarcolemma associated with neuromuscular junction, high density ACh (ligand gated channels) receptors

50
Q

excitation (1/4 muscle twitch)

A

communication between neuron and muscle cell (Ca2+ enters neuron and causes synaptic vessels to relesease ACh, ACh binds to nicotinic/ non specific cation cannel receptor. Na+ depolarizes into cell, K+ repolarizes slighly less by leaving)

51
Q

excitation/contraction coupling (2/4 muscle twitch)

A

conversion of action potential in muscle cell to activation of proteins in sarcomere (action potential travels down T tubules. voltage gated Ca2+ are linked to Ca2+ mechanical gated ion channels in SR which causes Ca2+ to diffuse out and bind to troponin

52
Q

contraction (3/4 muscle twitch)

A

muscles develop tension and shorten/ sliding filament: troponin moves tropomyosin off actin sites, myosin hydrolizes ATP and extens to bind and form cross bridge.

53
Q

relaxation (4/4 muscle twitch)

A

return of muscle cells to resting length: another ATp binds to myosin head and extends (some remain bound to prevent slippage), no more ACh releases so Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) breaks ACh in sarcolemma no more EPP produced in membrane, Ca2+ must pump back into SR with active transport.

54
Q

power stroke

A

when myosin head flexes and thin filament slides past thick filament

55
Q

stop nerve impulse

A

broken down by enzyme or else it continues to stimulate and cannot be taken up by neuron

56
Q

motor unit

A

muscle cells stimulated by branch of motor neurons- 3 to 200. not all motor units are activated at same time

57
Q

recruitment

A

when more impulses cause more neurons to fire action potentials, summation

58
Q

cardiovascular system

A

heart and blood vessels: gas, nutrient, waste transport.

59
Q

cardiac cells

A

2 muscle types and fibrous tissues

60
Q

fibrous skeleton of heart

A

valvues, structural support, electrical insulation

61
Q

desmosomes

A

physical connection, pulls without damaging membrane

62
Q

gap junction

A

cytoplasmic connection, nonspecific protein leak channels. Propagates action potentials by allowing Na+ to diffuse during depolarization

63
Q

atria

A

pumps blood to vesicles, thin walls

64
Q

ventricles

A

thick walled. left pumps blood to body right pumps to lungs

65
Q

superior and inferior vena cava

A

right side to atrium

66
Q

pulmonary trunk

A

ventricle on right to lungs

67
Q

pulmonary veins

A

left side to atrium

68
Q

aorta

A

left side from ventricle

69
Q

pulmonary valve

A

to lungs from right ventricle

70
Q

atrioventricular valve

A

between atrium and ventricles

71
Q

oxygen poor

A

right

72
Q

oxygen rich

A

left

73
Q

arteries

A

take blood away from the heart, and pulmonary artery is not oxygen rich, pulmonary vein is

74
Q

vein

A

comes back to the heart. pulmonary artery**

75
Q

sinoatrial node (fastest)

A

pacemaker, excitation of SA node results in excitation and contraction of muscle cells in atria only-can’t pass into ventricle because of fibrous skeleton, depolarizes without neuronal excitation= autorhytmic

76
Q

atrioventricular node (2nd)

A

conduct action potential to additional conductive cells (excited less often than with SA node cells)

77
Q

atrioventricular bundle (slower)

A

without SA or AV node cells conducts even less frequently

78
Q

purkinje fibers (slowest)

A

excite ventricle walls

79
Q

order of heart beat

A
  1. cells of SA node = action potential
  2. atria contract/ atria systole
  3. depolarizes AV node
  4. ventricular systole
  5. AV bundle cells propagate and pass to ventricles
80
Q

Diastole

A

relaxed

Physiology (BIO 141/142) (3 decks)

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