Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Physiology (BIO 141/142) > 141 Exam 2 > Flashcards

141 Exam 2 Flashcards

(80 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

synapse

A

junction between 2 nerve cells, minute gap where impulses pass by diffusion of neurotransmitter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

neurotransmitter

A

chemical substance released at end of nerve fiber by arrival of impulse- transfers impulse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

presynaptic cell

A

axon terminal faces receiving cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

postsynaptic cell

A

separated by synaptic cleft, receives signals via neurotransmitters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

EPSP

A

excitatory postsynaptic potential, depolarization (Na+) of postsynaptic membrane by stimulation by neurotransmitter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

IPSP

A

inhibitory postsynaptic potential makes postsynaptic neuron less likely to generate action potential, hyperpolarization (k+)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

summation

A

cumulative action or effect (individual stimuli would be inadequate)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

ligand gates post synaptic cells

A

bind with neurotransmitters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

neural coding

A

neurons fire under specific conditions (pain, touch, hard for skin and rods vs. cones for eyes) strong stimuli has many action potentials per second

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

afferent division

A

nerve fibers that convey impulses to CNS from sensory receptors. nerves from brain and spinal cord. (somatic, visceral, and special)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

efferent division

A

transmits impulses from CNS to effector organs (muscles and glands) (somatic (skin) and visceral)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

visceral

A

internal organs of body, many are chemoreceptors, involuntary (sympathetic flight or fight, blood vessels/smooth muscle, para= rest and digest)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

proprioceptors

A

sensory receptors in muscles giving info about position and movement of body parts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

ganglion

A

nerve cell cluster, cell bodies and dendrites bundled and connected

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

preganglionic neurons

A

convergence of output

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

adrenergic neurons

A

norepinephrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

postganglionic neurons

A

divergence of output parasympathetic is 1:4

sympathetic is 1:20

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

cholinergic neurons

A

acetylcholine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

lamellated corpuscle

A

deep pressure (nerve end embedded in connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

somatic motor

A

voluntary movement (muscle contraction)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

somatic motor

A

voluntary movement (muscle contraction), efferent neurons ACh, cholinergic neurons)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

sympathetic division

A

increase HR, BP and respiration, dilates pupils, ejaculation. decreases blood flow to unnecessary organs such as intestines and saliva production,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

parasympathetic division

A

decrease HR, respiration. increases digestion relaxation, urination & defecation. counteracts sympathetic fight or flight neurons originate in brain or sacral region of spinal cord, acetocholine !

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

excitability

A

responds to chemical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
conductivity
propogates electrical signals
26
contractility
ability to shorten and generate force
27
extensibility
ability to stretch without damage
28
elasticity
return to original shape after stretch
29
skeletal muscles (1/3)
voluntary, striated, multinucleated, connected to bone/skin/fascia
30
Cardiac muscle (2/3)
involuntary, striated, mononucleate, autorhythmic
31
smooth muscle (3/3)
involuntary, non-striated, mononucleate, ex. blood vessels, hair follicles, walls of hollow organs.
32
muscle
group of fasicles
33
fasicles
group of muscle cells
34
muscle cells
filled with myofibrils
35
myofibrils
long bundles of 3 types of proteins myofilaments, sarcomeres (contractile unit)
36
mitochondrion
where cell respiration takes place
37
creatine phosphate
transfers P to ADP to create ATP quickly, good for short bursts, built up in resting muscles
38
lactic acid cycle
when there's not enough oxygen the lactic acid is transformed to glucose in the liver or is changed back to pyruvic acid
39
myoglobin
oxygen binding specific for muscles, higher affinity than hemoglobin for oxygen so it makes it available to mitochondria.
40
sarcolemma
muscle cell membrane
41
sarcoplasm
cytoplasm of muscle cell, has myofibrils, myoglobin
42
T-tubules
tube like structures in sarcolemma that penetrate interior of cell.
43
sarcoplasmic retitculum
terminal cisternae associated with T-tubules, stores calcium ions
44
myofibrils have 3 types of myofilaments that form sarcomere (org of proteins)
thick- miosin protein thin- actin protein elastic- titin protein
45
thick filaments
hundred of myosin proteins, which hydrolizes ATP to move head to generate force
46
thin filaments
actin-binds to myosin tropomyosin- blocks active site of myosin in relaxed troponin- regulates tropomyosin (moves it in presence of calcium)
47
sarcomere
A bands are thick filaments (H band lighter) Z disk= edge, M line= mid of sarcomere. striations are light and dark. I band is light, thin filaments only.
48
Sarcomere contraction
sliding filaments (thin pulled along thick until M line. H and I bands shrink uses ATP
49
motor endplate
part of sarcolemma associated with neuromuscular junction, high density ACh (ligand gated channels) receptors
50
excitation (1/4 muscle twitch)
communication between neuron and muscle cell (Ca2+ enters neuron and causes synaptic vessels to relesease ACh, ACh binds to nicotinic/ non specific cation cannel receptor. Na+ depolarizes into cell, K+ repolarizes slighly less by leaving)
51
excitation/contraction coupling (2/4 muscle twitch)
conversion of action potential in muscle cell to activation of proteins in sarcomere (action potential travels down T tubules. voltage gated Ca2+ are linked to Ca2+ mechanical gated ion channels in SR which causes Ca2+ to diffuse out and bind to troponin
52
contraction (3/4 muscle twitch)
muscles develop tension and shorten/ sliding filament: troponin moves tropomyosin off actin sites, myosin hydrolizes ATP and extens to bind and form cross bridge.
53
relaxation (4/4 muscle twitch)
return of muscle cells to resting length: another ATp binds to myosin head and extends (some remain bound to prevent slippage), no more ACh releases so Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) breaks ACh in sarcolemma no more EPP produced in membrane, Ca2+ must pump back into SR with active transport.
54
power stroke
when myosin head flexes and thin filament slides past thick filament
55
stop nerve impulse
broken down by enzyme or else it continues to stimulate and cannot be taken up by neuron
56
motor unit
muscle cells stimulated by branch of motor neurons- 3 to 200. not all motor units are activated at same time
57
recruitment
when more impulses cause more neurons to fire action potentials, summation
58
cardiovascular system
heart and blood vessels: gas, nutrient, waste transport.
59
cardiac cells
2 muscle types and fibrous tissues
60
fibrous skeleton of heart
valvues, structural support, electrical insulation
61
desmosomes
physical connection, pulls without damaging membrane
62
gap junction
cytoplasmic connection, nonspecific protein leak channels. Propagates action potentials by allowing Na+ to diffuse during depolarization
63
atria
pumps blood to vesicles, thin walls
64
ventricles
thick walled. left pumps blood to body right pumps to lungs
65
superior and inferior vena cava
right side to atrium
66
pulmonary trunk
ventricle on right to lungs
67
pulmonary veins
left side to atrium
68
aorta
left side from ventricle
69
pulmonary valve
to lungs from right ventricle
70
atrioventricular valve
between atrium and ventricles
71
oxygen poor
right
72
oxygen rich
left
73
arteries
take blood away from the heart, and pulmonary artery is not oxygen rich, pulmonary vein is
74
vein
comes back to the heart. pulmonary artery**
75
sinoatrial node (fastest)
pacemaker, excitation of SA node results in excitation and contraction of muscle cells in atria only-can't pass into ventricle because of fibrous skeleton, depolarizes without neuronal excitation= autorhytmic
76
atrioventricular node (2nd)
conduct action potential to additional conductive cells (excited less often than with SA node cells)
77
atrioventricular bundle (slower)
without SA or AV node cells conducts even less frequently
78
purkinje fibers (slowest)
excite ventricle walls
79
order of heart beat
1. cells of SA node = action potential 2. atria contract/ atria systole 3. depolarizes AV node 4. ventricular systole 5. AV bundle cells propagate and pass to ventricles
80
Diastole
relaxed

Physiology (BIO 141/142) (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions