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CP: 1.4 Anxiety disorders and fear-related disorders > 1.4.1 Diagnostic criteria for anxiety disorders and fear-related disorders > Flashcards

1.4.1 Diagnostic criteria for anxiety disorders and fear-related disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Characteristics

What are 2 main characteristics of anxiety disorders?

A
  1. Fear is disproportionate to the given situation.
  2. Different conditions are triggered by particular stimuli, but all produce excessive fear reaction in the individual.
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2
Q

Types of anxiety disorders

Panic disorder

A

The attacks of this anxiety are aggravated by stress, irrational thoughts or even fear of exercise.

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3
Q

Types of anxiety disorders

Specific phobias

A

The sufferer of this type of anxiety anticipates terrifying outcomes from encountering the objects that they fear.

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4
Q

Types of anxiety disorders

Generalised anxiety disorder (GAD)

A

People with this disorder experience persistent fear and worry.

Muscle aches, pain, insomnia, restlessness, irritability and poor concentration.

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5
Q

Types of anxiety disorders

Social anxiety

A

People who suffer from this type of nervous disorder fear negative publicity, embarrassment, humiliation and even social interaction.

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6
Q

Types of anxiety disorders

Fear

A

A response to a perceived imminent threat in the present.

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7
Q

Types of anxiety disorders

Anxiety

A

More focused on perceived anticipated threat in the future.

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8
Q

Types of anxiety disorders

Specific phobia (blood-injection-injury) (BII)

A

The specific trigger is exposure to or the anticipation of the sight of blood, injection or injury.

People may experience decreased blood pressure, leading to fainting (vasovagal syncope).

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9
Q

Types of anxiety disorders

Agoraphobia

A

Excessive fear/anxiety outside the home, fear of panic attacks in public places.

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10
Q

Panic attacks

What symptoms do panic attacks often cause in the individual?

A
  • Restlessness
  • Muscle tension
  • Inability to concentrate
  • ‘On-edge’ feeling
  • Tiredness
  • Irritability
  • Insomnia
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11
Q

Generalised anxiety disorder (GAD)

Diagnostic criteria

A
  • Symptoms persisted everyday for several months.
  • Person feels distressed by symptoms.
  • Symptoms disrupt everyday life.
  • Other conditions have been discounted.
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12
Q

Measurements

What 2 techniques are often used to measure anxiety and fear-related disorders?

A
  • Self-report questionnaires, such as the GAD-7 or BIPI.
  • Psychometric measurements, especially when its hard to measure using scientific methods.
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13
Q

Generalised anxiety disorder assessment (GAD-7)

What does this questionnaire message?

A

Generalised anxiety disorder.

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14
Q

Generalised anxiety disorder assessment (GAD-7)

How is a total score ‘GAD score’ calculated?

A

By assigning scores of 0 (not at all), 1 (several days), 2 (more than half the days) and 3 (nearly everyday), respectively.

There are 7 items on the scale, and a total score will range from 0-21.

0-5 = moderate anxiety, whilst 16-21 = severe anxiety etc.

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15
Q

Generalised anxiety disorder assessment (GAD-7)

What is measured?

A

Frequency of symptoms in the last 2 weeks.

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16
Q

Generalised anxiety disorder assessment (GAD-7)

Strengths

A
  • Quantitative data = easy to analyse and compare scores.
  • Reliabile/valid = psychometric measure.
17
Q

Generalised anxiety disorder assessment (GAD-7)

Criticisms

A
  • Self-report = reduces validity, social desirability could have impacted.
18
Q

Generalised anxiety disorder assessment (GAD-7)

Sample item

A

Trouble relaxing?

Ppts would rate from 0 (not at all) - 4 (nearly everyday).

19
Q

Blood-injection phobia inventory (BIPI)

What is measured?

A

Situational and anticipatory anxiety.

20
Q

Blood-injection phobia inventory (BIPI)

How many situations are assessed?

What do they all involve?

A

18 possible situations involving blood and injections.

21
Q

Blood-injection phobia inventory (BIPI)

How many parts are there to this questionnaire?

How many items and what are they about?

A

This 3-part questionnaire has 50 different items with relate to situations about blood, injections and the dentist.

22
Q

Blood-injection phobia inventory (BIPI)

Sample item

A

When I see and injured person after an accident, bleeding in the road or on the television:

I feel my face is hot.

The frequency of their different types of response is measured on a 4-point scale:

0 = never, 1 = sometimes, = 2 almost always & 3 = always.

23
Q

Mas et al. (2010) - Measuring anxiety/fear-related disorders

What did Mas et al. (2010) aim to see?

A

If the BIPI could:
* discriminate between those diagnosed with BII phobia compared to those without.
* was one-dimensional or influenced by a range of stimuli.
* identify a change in people with the phobia due to therapy.

24
Q

Mas et al. (2010) - Measuring anxiety/fear-related disorders

Who took part?

A

39 ppts with BII phobia and a control group who were matched on age/gender.

25
Q

Mas et al. (2010) - Measuring anxiety/fear-related disorders

What measures were used?

A

Ppts answered the BIPI and the Fear Questionnaire (FQ).

26
Q

Mas et al. (2010) - Measuring anxiety/fear-related disorders

Fear Questionnaire (FQ)

A

Designed to measure agoraphobia, social anxiety and BII phobia.

27
Q

Mas et al. (2010) - Measuring anxiety/fear-related disorders

Results

A

BIPI is a valid measure of blood phobia and could clearly discriminate between those diagnosed and those without.

It was also a sensitive tool for identifying therapeutic improvement.

28
Q

Psychometric testing

Strengths of psychometric testing

A
  • Cheap
  • Accurate/appropriate
  • Unbiased
  • Time-saving
  • Helps measure phobia severity
  • Improves diagnosis
  • Can monitor progress
  • Reveals fears/anxieties
  • Can be used at any stage
29
Q

Psychometric testing

Criticisms of psychometric testing

A
  • Can be nerve-wracking for patient
  • Lack detail
  • Chance os mis-interpretation
  • Not holistic
  • Can’t be used alone
  • Issue of cultural barriers
  • False answers possible
  • Fixed answers
  • Require practitioner training
30
Q

Classic psychological case studies

Little Albert

A

9-month old boy who was conditioned to be scared of white rats, fur etc.

CP: 1.4 Anxiety disorders and fear-related disorders (3 decks)

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