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Chapter 14 > 14.1-14.9 > Flashcards

14.1-14.9 Flashcards

1
Q

Expands along with the associated neural crest tissue; Brain and spinal cord develop from the ectodermal part of this

A

Neural tube

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2
Q

Prosencephalon, mesencephalon, and rhombencephalon

A

Primary brain vesicles

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3
Q

When prosencephalon and rhombencephalon divide further they make _____

A

Secondary brain vesicles

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4
Q

Develops into the cerebrum and lateral ventricles

A

Telencephalon

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5
Q

Forms the thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, and third ventricle

A

Diencephalon

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6
Q

Continuous with the spinal cord and consists of the medulla onblongata, pons, and midbrain

A

Brain stem

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7
Q

Little brain; posterior to the brainstem

A

Cerebellum

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8
Q

Superior to the brain that consist of the thalamus hypothalamus and epithalamus

A

Diencephalon

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9
Q

Largest part of the brain

A

Cerebrum

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10
Q

Separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum

A

Tentorium cerebelli

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11
Q

Clear colorless liquid composed primarily of water that protects the brain and spinal cord from chemical and physical injuries

A

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

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12
Q

Little cavities; shows the four CSF filled cavities within the brain

A

Ventricles

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13
Q

One in each hemisphere of the cerebrum

A

Lateral ventricle

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14
Q

Thin membrane that separates the lateral ventricles

A

Septum pellucidum

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15
Q

Lies between the brain stem and the cerebellum

A

Fourth ventricle

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16
Q

Functions of CSF

A

Mechanical protection, homeostatic function, circulation

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17
Q

Networks of blood capillaries in the walls of the ventricles

A

Choroid plexuses

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18
Q

Where fluid Passes through the midbrain into the fourth ventricle

A

Aqueduct of the midbrain

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19
Q

Fingerlike extensions of the arachnoid Mater The project into the dural venous sinuses, especially the superior Sagittal sinus

A

Arachnoid villi

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20
Q

Cluster of arachnoid villi

A

Arachnoid granulation

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21
Q

Also known as medulla, continuous with the superior part of the spinal cord; forms the inferior part of the brainstem; extends to the inferior border of the pons about 3 cm

A

Medulla oblongata

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22
Q

Formed by the large corticospinal tracts that pass from the cerebrum to the spinal cord

A

Pyramids

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23
Q

Crossing of 90% of the axons in the large motor tracts to opposite sides of the medullary pyramids

A

Decussation of pyramids

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24
Q

Regulates the right in force of the heartbeat in the diameter of blood vessels

A

Cardiovascular center

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25
Q

Adjust the basic rhythm of breathing

A

Medullary respiratory center

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26
Q

Causes vomiting, The forcible expulsion of the contents of the upper gastrointestinal tract through the mouth

A

Vomiting center

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27
Q

Promotes deglutition, swallowing of a mass of food that has moved from the oral cavity of the mouth into the pharynx

A

Deglutition center

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28
Q

Involves spasmodic contraction of breathing muscles that forcefully expel air through the nose and mouth

A

Sneezing

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29
Q

Involves a long-drawn and deep inhalation and then a strong exhalation that suddenly sends a blast of air through the upper respiratory passages

A

Coughing

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30
Q

Caused by spasmodic contractions of the diaphragm that ultimately result in the production of a sharp sound on inhalation

A

Hiccuping

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31
Q

Oval-shaped swelling lateral to each pyramid

A

Olive

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32
Q

Within the olive, which receives input from the cerebral cortex, red nucleus of the mid brain and spinal cord

A

Olivary nucleus

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33
Q

A group of nerve cells in the inferior part of the medulla oblongata in which axons of the gracile fasciculus terminate

A

Gracile nucleus

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34
Q

A group of neurons in the inferior part of the medulla oblongata in which axons of the cuneate fasciculus terminate

A

Cuneate nucleus

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35
Q

Extends through the medulla, pons, and midbrain

A

Medial lemniscus

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36
Q

Tracts of the posterior columns and the axons of the medial lemniscus

A

Posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway

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37
Q

Part of the gustatory pathway from the tongue to the brain; receives gustatory input from the taste buds of the tongue

A

Gustatory nucleus

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38
Q

Part of the auditory pathway from the inner ear to the brain; receive auditory input form the cochlea of the inner ear

A

Cochlear nuclei

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39
Q

Components of the equilibrium pathway from the inner ear to the brain receives sensory information associated with equilibrium from proprioceptors in the vestibular apparatus of the inner ear

A

Vestibular nuclei

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40
Q

Several nuclear in the medulla receives sensory input from and provide motor output to the cochlea of the inner ear. Convey impulses related to hearing

A

Vestibulocochlear nerves

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41
Q

Nuclear in the medulla relays sensory and motor impulses related to taste swallowing and salavation

A

Glossopharyngeal nerves

42
Q

Nuclear in the medulla receives sensory impulses from and provide motor impulses to the pharynx and larynx and many thoracic and abdominal viscera

A

Vagus nerves

43
Q

These fibers are actually part of the vagus nerves. Nuclei in the medulla are the origin for nerve impulses that controls swallowing

A

Accessory nerves

44
Q

Nuclei in the medulla are the origin for nerve impulses that control tongue movements during speech and swallowing

A

Hypoglossal nerves

45
Q

Consist of both nuclei and tracts, bridge that connects parts of the brain with one another

A

Pons

46
Q

The ventral region of the pons forms a large synaptic relay station consisting of scattered gray centers

A

Pontine nuclei

47
Q

Helps control breathing along with the medullary respiratory center

A

Pontine respiratory group

48
Q

Four pairs of cranial nerves in pons

A

Trigeminal, abducens, facial, vestibulocochlear

49
Q

Nuclei in the pons receives sensory impulses for somatic sensations from the head and face and provide motor impulses that govern chewing

A

Trigeminal nerves

50
Q

Nuclei in the pons provide motor impulses that control eyeball movement

A

Abducens nerves

51
Q

Nuclei in the pons receives sensory impulses for taste and provide motor impulses to regulate secretion of saliva and tears and contraction of muscles of facial expression

A

Facial nerves

52
Q

Nuclei in the pons receives sensory impulses from and providing motor impulses to the vestibular apparatus; convey impulses related to balance and equilibrium

A

Vestibulocochlear nerves

53
Q

Extends from the pons to the diencephalon and is about 2.5 cm

A

Midbrain

54
Q

Contains paired bundles of axons in the anterior part of the midbrain; consist of axons of the corticospinal, corticobulbar, and corticopontine tracts which conducts nerve impulses from motor areas in the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord, medulla, and pons respectively

A

Cerebral peduncles

55
Q

Posterior part of the membrane that contains for rounded elevations

A

Tectum

56
Q

nuclei in the two superior elevations of the tectum; reflect centers for certain visual activities

A

Superior colliculi

57
Q

Two inferior elevations of the tectum that are part of the auditory pathway, relaying impulses from the receptors for hearing in the inner ear to the brain

A

Inferior colliculi

58
Q

Large and darkly pigmented; help control subconscious muscle activities

A

Substantia nigra

59
Q

Help control muscular movements; look reddish due to their rich blood supply and iron containing pigment in their neuronal cell bodies

A

Red nuclei

60
Q

Two pairs of cranial nerves in the midbrain

A

Trochlear and oculomotor

61
Q

Nuclear in the midbrain provide motor impulses that controlled movements of eyeball, while accessory oculomotor nuclei provide motor control to the smooth muscles that regulate construction of the pupil and changes in shape of the lens

A

Oculomotor nerves

62
Q

Nuclei in the midbrain provide motor impulses that control movement of the eyeball

A

Trochlear nerves

63
Q

Broad region where white matter and gray matter exhibit a net like arrangement; extends from the superior portion of the spinal cord throughout the brainstem and into the inferior part of the diencephalon

A

Reticular formation

64
Q

Ascending portion of the reticular formation that consist of sensory axons that project to the cerebral cortex both directly and through the thalamus

A

Reticular activating system

65
Q

Occupies the inferior and posterior aspects of the cranial cavity

A

Cerebellum

66
Q

Deep groove which helps separate the cerebellum from the cerebrum

A

Transverse Fissure

67
Q

Supports the posterior part of the cerebrum that helps separate the cerebellum from the cerebrum

A

Tentorium cerebelli

68
Q

Govern subconscious aspects of skeletal muscle movements

A

Anterior lobe and posterior lobe

69
Q

On the inferior surface of the cerebellum that contributes to equilibrium and balance

A

Flocculondular lobe

70
Q

Superficial layer of the cerebellum that consist of gray matter in a series of slender parallel folds

A

Cerebellar cortex

71
Q

Slender parallel folds in the superficial layer of the cerebellum

A

Folia

72
Q

Tracks of white matter in the superficial layer of the cerebellum, tree-like

A

Arbor vitae

73
Q

Regions of gray matter that give rise to axons carrying impulses from cerebellum to other brain centers

A

Cerebellar nuclei

74
Q

Attach the cerebellum to the brain stem

A

Cerebellar peduncles

75
Q

Contain axons that extend from the cerebellum to the red nuclei of the midbrain into several nuclei of the thalamus

A

Superior cerebellar peduncles

76
Q

The largest peduncles, their axons carry impulses for voluntary movements from the Pontine nuclei into the cerebellum

A

Middle cerebellar peduncles

77
Q

Consist of axons of the cerebellar tracks that carries sensory information into the cerebellum from proprioceptor’s in the trunk and limbs; axons from the vestibular apparatus of the inner ear and from the vestibular nuclei of the medulla and pons; axons from the inferior olivary nucleus of the medulla that enter the cerebellum and regulate the activity of cerebellar neurons

A

Inferior cerebellar peduncles

78
Q

Consist of paired oval masses of gray matter organized into nuclei with interspersed tracts and white matter; makes of 80% of the diencephalon

A

Thalamus

79
Q

Joints the right and left halves of the thalamus in about 70% of human brains

A

Interthalamic adhesion

80
Q

Receives input from the hypothalamus and since output to the limbic system; functions in emotions and memory

A

Anterior nucleus

81
Q

Receive input from the limbic system in basal nuclei and send output to the cerebral cortex; function in emotions learning memory and thinking

A

Medial nuclei

82
Q

Small part of the diencephalon located inferior to the thalamus, composed of a dozen or so nuclei in four major regions

A

Hypothalamus

82
Q

Four major regions of the hypothalamus

A

Mammillary, tuberal, Supraoptic, preoptic

82
Q

Functions of the hypothalamus

A

Control of the ANS, production of hormones, regulation of emotional and behavioral patterns, regulation of eating and drinking, control of body temperature, regulation of circadian rhythms and states of consciousness

83
Q

Small region superior and posterior to the thalamus consist of the pineal gland and habenular nuclei

A

Epithalamus

83
Q

Protrudes from the posterior midline of the third ventricle, part of the endocrine system because it secretes melatonin

A

Pineal gland

84
Q

Forms the outer rim of the cerebrum

A

Cerebral cortex

85
Q

Broad band of white matter contained axons that extend between the hemispheres

A

Corpus Callosum

86
Q

Important note: The central sulcus separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe. The lateral cerebral sulcus separates the frontal lobe of the temporal load. The parieto-occipital sulcus separates the parietal lobe from the occipital lobe.

A

Lobes of the cerebrum

87
Q

Thin sheet of gray matter situated lateral to the putamen

A

Claustrum

88
Q

Rim of cerebral cortex on the medial surface of each hemisphere

A

Limbic lobe

89
Q

Receives sensory information and or involved in perception

A

Sensory areas

90
Q

Control the execution of voluntary movements

A

Motor areas

91
Q

Deal with more complex integrative functions such as memory emotions reasoning will judgment personality traits and intelligence

A

Association areas

92
Q

Receives nerve impulses for touch pressure vibration it’s tickle temperature pain and proprioception

A

Primary somatosensory area

93
Q

Distorted somatic Sensory map of the body

A

Sensory homunculus

94
Q

Receives visual information and is involved in visual perception

A

Primary visual area

95
Q

Receives impulses for taste and is involved in gustatory perception and taste discrimination

A

Primary gustatory area

96
Q

Receives information for sound and is involved in auditory perception

A

Primary auditory area

97
Q

Receives impulses for smell and is involved in olfactory perception

A

Primary olfactory area

98
Q

Each region with in the area controls voluntary contractions of specific muscles or groups of muscles with electrical stimulation

A

Primary motor area

99
Q

Generated by neurons close to the brain surface mainly neurons in the cerebral cortex can be detected by sensors called electrodes placed on the forehead and scalp

A

Brain waves

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