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생명공학에서바라본인체의신비 > 14. Vocal and Hearing organs > Flashcards

14. Vocal and Hearing organs Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 steps of voice production?

A

Respiration, vibration, resonation, articulation

Respiration - breathing
Vibration - expelling air over vocal cords
Resonation - amplifying sound
Articulation - changing sound to intelligible speech

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2
Q

Where does talking start?

A

Diaphragm –> larynx –> Soft palate (velum) –> voice produced

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3
Q

What is the process of communication for someone who is talking?

A
  1. Brain thinking
  2. Nerve for communication
  3. chest pressure
  4. movement of diaphragm below lungs
  5. air pressure
  6. muscles of vocal cords in larynx
  7. muscles of mouth, lip and tongue
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4
Q

What is the process of communication for the listener?

A
  1. Vibration of the eardrum
  2. Signal reception in earing sensors (cochlea)
  3. Auditory nerve
  4. Brain auditory cortex
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5
Q

How are pulsations formed?

A

Vocal folds open and close rapidly –> pulsations of air into the vocal tract

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6
Q

How long is the adult vocal cord? (Male, female)

A

Male: 17-25mm
Female: 12.5-17.5mm

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7
Q

How thick are vocal cords?

A

3-5mm
Males’ are thicker than females’

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8
Q

What is the vocal cord make of?

A

Muscles, ligaments and mucosa layers

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9
Q

Where produces the voiced sound?

A

vocal cord vibration

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10
Q

What amplifies and modifies the voiced sound?

A

vocal tract resonators (throat, mouth cavity, nasal passage, and paranasal sinuses)

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11
Q

What modifies the vocal sounds?

A

The vocal tract articulators (tongue, soft palate, teeth, lips)

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12
Q

What is the average cycle of vibration for men? (per cycle)

A

110 cycles per second or Hz

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13
Q

What is the average cycle of vibration for women? (per cycle)

A

180-2220 cycles per second

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14
Q

What is the average cycle of vibration for children? (per cycle)

A

300 cycles per second

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15
Q

Does the frequency of vocal fold vibration increase or decrease as the pitch increases?

A

increase

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16
Q

What are the 5 muscles of vocal cords?

A

Closing muscles
- Interarytenoid muscles (IA m)
- Lateral cricoarytenoid (LCA m)

Opening muscle:
- Posterior cricoaritenoid muscle (PCA m)

Muscles for length control
- Cricothyroid muscle (CT m)
- Thyroaritenoid muscle (TA m)

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17
Q

How come we can speak but primates cannot?

A

Vocal sound passes neck, mouth and nose at 90 degree angle –> many sounds made

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18
Q

What is the “point of contact”?

A

Where sound is produced

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19
Q

How are most consonants produced?

A

Using tongue + other parts of the mouth to constrict the airway

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20
Q

What are the functions of the paransal sinuses?

A
  • Lighten skull
  • Give resonance and amplification to voice
21
Q

What are considered the “perfect antennaes for sound”?

A

outer ear pinna/ auricle

22
Q

Where are the Pinna/Auricle located?

A

Lateral surface of the head

23
Q

What are the functions of the Pinna/ Auricle?

A

Sound localization + amplification

24
Q

What are the Pinnal/ Auricle composed of?

A
  • Thin skin with hair follicles
  • Sweat glands and sebaceous glands that supports the structure of elastic cartilage
25
Q

What is the tympanic membrane?

A

eardrums

26
Q

Where are ceruminous glands located?

A

Located in hypoderm

27
Q

What do the ceruminous glands produce? and how?

A

Cerumen (earwax) by mixing their secretion with sebum and dead epidermal cells

28
Q

What is ear wax composed of?

A

Amino acids, fatty acids, lysozyme and immunoglobulins

29
Q

What activity does ear wax have?

A

Antibacterial and anti viral activity

30
Q

How thick is the tympanic membrane?

A

Thickness - 0.1 mm
10mm wide

31
Q

What are some characteristics of the tympanic membrane?

A

Thin enough to vibrate with the wave of sound, but it not easily broken

32
Q

How can the eardrum be damaged?

A

Pressure difference between inner and outer ear

33
Q

What protects the tympanic membrane from rapid pressure change?

A

Eustachian tube

34
Q

What protects the tympanic membrane from loud sounds?

A

The tensor tympani muscle and the stapedius muscle are attached to the ear-drum

35
Q

What is the Eustachian tube?

A

The control device of air pressure in the middle ear

36
Q

How does the tympanic reflex prevent damage to the inner ear?

A

By muffling the transmission of vibration from the tympanic membrane to the oval window

37
Q

What is the tympanic reflex response time?

A

40 millisecond

38
Q

How does the tympanic reflex work?

A

Contraction of muscles of the middle ear, tensor tympani and the stapedius –> Manubrium and Malleus pulled inwards and tightens it –> tightening prevents vibrations from disturbing the perilymph.

39
Q

How is sound perceived by the ear?

A
  1. Sound waves reach eardrum causing it to vibrate
  2. Vibrations passed to middle ear which amplify them
  3. Bones push the oval window which cause a pressure wave in the fluid-filled cochlea
  4. As the oval window moves in, round window moves out allowing fluid to move freely backward and forward
  5. Fluid movement causes vibrations which pushes the membrane on which the hair cells sits, triggering nerve impulses in the auditory nerves
  6. nerve impulse carried to the auditory cortex in brain through auditory nerve for interpretation.
39
Q

How is the cochlea shaped ?

A

spiral shape like a snail shell (for more space)

40
Q

Where does high frequency waves resonated?

A

base in the basilar membrane

41
Q

Where does medium frequency waves resonated?

A

middle of the basilar membrane

42
Q

Where are low frequency waves resonated?

A

apex of basilar membranes

43
Q

T/F: Cells in the superior olive respond to interaural time differences between the two ears

A

true

44
Q

T/F: The pathway is longer from the right ear, so that neural signals arrive later

A

True

45
Q

What is the range of human hearing?

A

20Hz to 20,000 Hz

46
Q

What recognize motion of x, y, z direction? (3D
) hint: canal

A

three semi- circular canals - posterior canal, horizontal canal, anterior canal

47
Q

What in your ear do you have for the perception of 3D movement

A

heavy sands (othliths)

생명공학에서바라본인체의신비 (5 decks)

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