1.4 Production Animal Lameness 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the major ovine conditions causing lameness?

mentioned in lecture

A

hoof:

  • scald
  • footrot
  • contageous ovine digital dermatitis
  • shelly hoof
  • foot abscesses
  • strawberry footrot

joint:

  • spetic pedal arthritis
  • joint ill

mid-upper limb:

  • fractures
  • upper limb lameness
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is ovine scald?

A
  • also called benign foot rot
  • Scald is caused by the bacterium Dichelobacter nodosus, which also causes severe footrot
  • Foot scald involves inflammation, while foot rot involves necrosis
  • clinical signs: inflammation of interdigital skin, may have grey/white scum and foul smell, common cause of lameness in lambs
  • treatment: topical oxytetracycline; in adults, topical oxytetracycline & systemic oxytetracycline
  • prognosis: good
  • prevention: control of footrot? regular footbathing? provoking factors include wet conditions and long, rough grass
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the causitive agent of ovine footrot?

A

Dichelobacter nodosus (sensitive to penicillin): Gram -ve anaerobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the pathogenesis of ovine footrot?

A

fecal shedding of Dichelobacter nodosus by some sheep, chronically infected feet will act as a reservoir of infection and co-infection with Fusobacterium necrophorum occurs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the clinical signs of ovine footrot?

A

More severe form of foot scald.

Footrot progresses from scald when the infection progresses from the soft tissues of the interdigital skin to underrun the hoof (begin to infect the later beneath the hoof capsule); if neglected, the hoof becomes separate from the soft tissues of the toes.

characteristic smell, underrunning of hoof horn, and grey/white scum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How do you treat ovine footrot, and what is the prognosis?

A

do NOT trim

  • systemic and topical oxytetracycline, Macrolides for refractory cases, +/- NSAID (no evidence)

good prognosis if treated promptly; delayed treatment can give rise to toe granuloma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How to you control and prevent ovine footrot at the level of the herd?

A

5 point plan: avoid, vaccinate, treat, quarantine, cull (2/3 strikes)

footbath: NEVER perform on lame sheep (preventative only)

  • 3% formalin (submerge twice): painful, carcinogenic
  • 10% zinc sulphate (stand in for 10 minutes): not as irritant

dry standing for 30 minutes after: if done poorly can increase the chance of footrot

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is contageous ovine digital dermatitis (CODD)?

A

Same as digital dermatitis in cows: infection with treponeme bacteria

  • except in sheep causes ulcer at coronary band, underrunning of hoof horn, foul smell, hair loss: 3rd most common cause of lameness
  • can be difficult to differentiate from footrot
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the treatment and prognosis of contageous ovine digital dermatitis?

A

DO NOT TRIM

  • systemic LA amoxicillin or
    macrolides
  • topical oxytetracycline (does not appear to be particularly sensitive to systemic oxytetracycline: one reason it should be differentiated from footrot)

delayed treatment can lead to toe granuloma, deformed hoof, and deformation of pedal bone

prognosis is good if treated promptly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the difference between CODD and ovine footrot?

A

CODD starts at the coronary band (hoof – hair junction) and unlike footrot does not involve the interdigital space; infection spreads down the foot separating the horn from the underlying sensitive structures; ultimately the whole hoof capsule may fall off

  • CODD: treponeme bacteria
  • ovine footrot: Dichelobacter nodosus +/- Fusobacterium necrophorum
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is shelly hoof?

and how do you treat it

A

a complex disease with unknown etiology (nutrition, genetics, etc.) leading to the separation of the wall and sole horn of the ovine foot

  • forms a pocket and allows impaction with soil and stones

treat by paring off the loose horn
good prognosis: animals usually only mildly lame, but often recurs in affected animals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the pathogenesis of ovine foot abscesses?

A

penetration of white line (with bacteria), incombination with genetics, dietary and underfoot conditions

  • often very lame, may burst out at coronary band
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How do you treat ovine foot abscesses?

A

pare foot to release pus, ± systemic antibiotics

  • prevention: improve underfoot conditions, correct predisposing factors (nutrition, underfoot conditions, etc.)

good prognosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How do you differentiate an abscess from a toe granuloma in sheep?

A

a toe granuloma will present as a red/pink “polyp” of moist granulation tissue surrounded by a collar of loose horn, whereas a foot abscess is likely to present as a bulging of the hoof without new tissue formation (and is filled with pus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the pathogeneis of toe granuloma in the sheep?

A

chronic inflammation due to

  • exposure of corium
  • untreated footrot / CODD
  • over-trimming
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How do you treat ovine toe granuloma?

A

many suggested treatments: remove loose horn, amputate polyp at neck, pressure bandage for 2 days, change dressings weekly thereafter, give systemic ABs

  • will not self-resolve unless treated
  • will not always respond to treatment

to prevent:

  • take care when trimming feet not to expose the corium
  • treat footrot/CODD promptly
17
Q

What is strawberry footrot?

A

it is due to a co-infection with orf virus (parapoxvirus genus) and D. congolensis

This causes proliferative granulation tissue around the lower limb that bleeds easily (has NOTHING to do with footrot)

18
Q

How do you treat and prevent strawberry footrot?

what is the prognosis

A
  • treat with penicillin
  • prevent by controlling orf virus
  • moderate prognosis
19
Q

What is septic pedal arthritis?

A

infection of the distal interdigital paryngeal joint (DIPj) causing local arthritis

  • may be extension from foot or due to direct penetration (e.g. thorn)
  • severely lame, heat and swelling above coronary band (this is where DIPj is)
  • discharging tract possible
20
Q

How do you treat septic pedal arthritis?

A

digit amputation or arthrodesis (orthopedic surgery in which two or more bones in a joint are fused to become one larger bone)

  • poor prognosis unless claw amputation (good prognosis)
21
Q

What is ovine joint ill, and what are the ways it can occur?

A

can occur via 3 pathways:

  1. neonatal bacteraemia: often S. dysgalactiae introduced by poor hygiene
  2. tick-bite pyemia: a secondary staphylococcal (often S. aureus) infection of lambs concurrently infected with Anaplasma phagocytophilum; the primary clinical sign is lameness caused by abscesses in joints or muscles
  3. “post-dipping lameness”: E. rhusiopathiae enters injured sheep when being dipped for external parasites, or due to dirty, wet environment
22
Q

How do you prevent joint ill?

A
  • neonatal: ensure clean pens/paddocks, navel dip, avoid tagging, castrating, tail docking, wear gloves at lambing, don’t dip sponges in OTC powder, ensure clean pens
  • tick-bite: tick control
  • E. rhusiopathiae lameness: ensure dipping water is as clean as possible, ensure sheep enter clean and without wounds; use E.rhusiopathiae vaccine for pigs - off-license in sheep (try out in small numbers first as reports of sudden death); ensure clean and dry environment.
23
Q

How do you treat joint ill?

A

10 days penicillin

  • can joint flush if caught early, arthrotomy if valuable
  • no response: treatment then cull
24
Q

Goats share many of the same foot diseases as sheep; what are the two additional diseases to watch for?

A
  1. laminitis
  2. treponeme-related disease (recently described)
25
Q

How does laminitis present in goats?

A
  • due to differences in management (goats often on very high concentrate diets)
  • the goat may develop ‘platform’ soles that are very high
  • the hoof is often very hard and difficult to trim
  • may see bruising within hoof horn
  • acute disease less commonly encountered: heat, sudden onset lameness may be associated with ruminal acidosis, metritis etc.
deformed, high-walled, hard hooves due to laminitis
26
Q

What is treponeme-related disease in goats?

A
  • thought to be due to treponemen infection of laminitis-affected feet
  • clinical appearance (variable): (like sole ulcers or non-healing wall ulcers in cattle; can be CODD-like)
  • treatment: cull, treat with LA amoxicillin and bandaging, digit amputation
  • prevention: prevent laminitis, culling of affected goats, improve shed hygiene, regular footbathing
27
Q

Explain pig foot anatomy.

A
28
Q

Pig lameness chart for reference.

A
29
Q

What are the infectious causes of lameness in the pig?

A
  1. Actinobacillus suis
  2. Streptococcus spp.
  3. Erysipelas
  4. Bush Foot
  5. Haemophilus parasuis (glassier’s disease)
  6. mucoplasma hyosynoviae
30
Q

What are the non-infectious causes of pig lameness?

A
  1. osteochondrosis dissecans (OCD)
  2. Trauma: fracture, dislocation, downer cow syndrome, epiphysiolysis (gilts on poor diet)
31
Q

What causes of pig lameness are common in small scale producer and pet pigs?

A
  1. arthritis
  2. overgrown toes
  3. axial wall cracks
  4. sole punctures from foreign body
overgrown toes
32
Q

In a swine lameness case, which notifiable diseases should you be checking for?

A
  • foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV)
  • swine vessicular disease (SVD)

both present with vessicles

  • if seen on coronary band (+/- mouth) MUST report to APHA
33
Q

What is Actinobacillus suis and how does it contribute to swine lameness?

A

Gram (-) rod bacteria

  • Sporadic disease of piglets causing many signs (pneumonia, lameness, sudden death)
  • Isolate bacteria from polyserositis (postmortem)
  • Clinical Signs: sudden death, dyspnea, coughing, lameness, fever, wasting, abscesses, neurological signs and abortions
  • Treatment: Antibiotics, NSAIDs
34
Q

What is Streptococcus spp. and how does it contribute to swine lameness?

A

Septic arthritis / joint ill

  • Common in piglets/ weaners
  • Same infection process as navel ill in ruminants (teething/ tailing also route)
  • Strep. suis most common spp. (Trueperlla progenies can also be involved) → Gram +ve bacteria
  • Clinical Signs: near signs, sudden death post-weaning, swelling of more than one joint
  • Treatment: Amoxicillin OR lincosamides OR oxytetracycline and NSAIDS OR euthanasia
35
Q

What is Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae and how does it contribute to swine lameness?

A
  • Known for its diamond skin lesions, but chronic form results in lameness
  • Typically affects pigs >12 wks
  • Clinical Signs: skin lesions (diamonds), pyrexia, stiff walk, vegetative endocarditis, single limb lameness, joint swellings, chronic cases ‘hunched’ posture
  • Treatment: Penicillin/Amoxicillin and NSAIDs
36
Q

What is bush foot and how does it contribute to swine lameness?

A

Multiple bacteria sp.

  • proliferation of environmental contaminants in the hoof leads to abscessation which ultimately swells and bursts producing what is commonly recognised as bush foot
  • Investigate flooring and housing
  • Prognosis: poor for individual on commercial setting
  • Treatment: broad spectrum antibiotic and NSAIDs OR Euthanasia
37
Q

What is Haemophilus parasius and how does it contribute to swine lameness?

A

**Glasser’s Disease**: Gram (-) bacteria

- High morbidity and mortality
- **Clinical Signs**: anorexia, dyspnea, pyrexia, nasal discharge, coughing, lameness, swollen joints, often unilateral limb, wasting, ear tip necrosis, sudden death
- **Pathology**: polyarthritis, **polyserositis**, meningitis
- **Treatment**: Antibiotics (e.g. Amoxycillin or Penicillin or TMPS) + NSAIDs
- **Prevention**: vaccines

38
Q

What is Mycoplasma hypsynoviae and how does it contribute to swine lameness?

A

Cause of “mycoplasma arthritis”

It is a respiratory disease, the organism being found in the upper respiratory tract nose and tonsils. It may be present in some herds and cause no clinical signs and yet in others cause severe disease.

It is spread by droplet infection. It invades the joints and tendon sheaths of susceptible animals and causes lameness and swelling. Most mother’s pass immunity to offspring: infection most common once MDAs wear off (week 10)

  • Affects growers (> 10wks) and young adults
  • Often newly bought in pigs to farms
  • Clinical Signs: near signs, No pyrexia, sudden onset lameness, unilateral or multi-limb, response to lincomycin or tiamulin
  • Diagnosis: PME, Culture of joint fluid (N.b. False -ve occur)
  • Treatment: Antibiotic (tulathromycin, lincomycin or tiamulin), NSAIDs
  • Prognosis: poor