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Principles of tumour biology for FRCR CO1 > 1.4 Inherited and on-inherited causation of human cancers > Flashcards

1.4 Inherited and on-inherited causation of human cancers Flashcards

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1
Q

What are some lifestyle causes of cancer?

A
  1. Tobacco - 16% developed, 10% developing
  2. Diet/nutrition - 30% developed, 20% developing
  3. Alcohol
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2
Q

What are some inorganic causes of cancer?

A
  1. Arsenic
  2. Cadmium
  3. Chromium
  4. Nickel
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3
Q

What are some organic causes of cancer?

A
  1. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons - burning things e.g petrol, forrest fires
  2. Aflatoxin - fungal contamination of crops
  3. Benzene - burning things and petrol
  4. Nitrosamine - foods
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4
Q

What are some hormonal causes of cancer?

A
  1. HRT
  2. Tamoxifen
  3. Diethylstilbestrol - given to prevent miscarriage
  4. Ethinyl estradiol - contraceptives
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5
Q

How are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons metabolised?

A

In the liver by CYP1A1

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6
Q

What is the metabolic product of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolism?

A

BP-diol epoxides

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7
Q

What type of repair is used for damage caused by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons?

A

Nucleotide Excision Repair

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8
Q

What is the nucelotide transversion caused by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons?

A

G -> T

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9
Q

What type of cancer does polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon cause?

A

Lung cancer

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10
Q

What is vinyl chloride?

A

Gas produced from PVC

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11
Q

How is vinyl chloride metabolised?

A

CYP2E1 in the liver

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12
Q

What are the products of vinyl chloride metabolism?

A

Chloroethylene oxide
Chloroacetaldehyde

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13
Q

What type of repair is used for damage caused by vinyl chloride?

A

Nucleotide or Base Excision Repair

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14
Q

What is the nucleotide transversion in vinyl chloride damage?

A

G -> A

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15
Q

What types of cancers are associated with vinyl chloride exposure?

A
  1. Liver angiosarcoma
  2. HCC
  3. Brain
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16
Q

1.

What bacterial infection can cause in cancer?

A

H.Pylori

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17
Q

What RNA viral infections can cause cancer?

A
  1. HTLV
  2. Rous sarcoma virus (chickens)
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18
Q

What DNA viral infections can cause cancer?

A
  1. Hep B
  2. HPV 16 & 18
  3. EBV (HHV4)
  4. Kaposi (HHV8)
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19
Q

What protein produced by H. Pylori causes cancer?

A

CagA

20
Q

What pathways does CagA affect?

A

MAPK/ERK
Wnt/Beta Catenin

21
Q

What cancer is H.Pylori associated with?

A

Gastric adenocarcinoma

22
Q

What is the protein produced by HTLV?

A

Tax

23
Q

What pathways does the Tax protein act?

A

NF-kB
ATM suppressed

24
Q

What cancers are associated with HTLV?

A

T-cell lymphoma/leukaemia

25
Q

What protein is produced by rous sarcoma virus?

A

v-src

26
Q

What pathways does v-src affect?

A

STAT-VEGF - increased MMP2 and 9

27
Q

What cancer does rous sarcoma virus cause?

A

Sarcoma (mainly in chickens)

28
Q

What protein is produced by hepatitis B?

A

HBx

29
Q

What pathway does HBx affect?

A

MAPK/ERK
JAK-STAT
Inhibits p53

30
Q

What cancer is Hep B associated with?

A

Liver

(risks: male, anflatoxin exposure, viral genotype C, HLA-DP/DQ)

31
Q

What protein does HPV produce?

A

E6 and E7

32
Q

What pathways do E6 and E7 act on?

A

Rb/E2F
p53/MDM2

33
Q

What cancers is HPV associated with?

A

Cervical
Orompharyngeal

34
Q

What prtoteins does EBV produce?

A

LMP1A and 2A

35
Q

What pathways do LMP1A and 2A act on?

A

JAK-STAT
PI3K/Akt
MAPK/ERK

36
Q

What cancers are associated with EBV?

A

Burkitt’s
Nasopharyngeal
Gastric
PTL

37
Q

What protein is produced by HHV8 (Kaposi)?

A

LANA
vGPCR

38
Q

What pathway do LANA and vGPCR affect?

A

MAPK/ERK
JAK-STAT
Wnt/beta catenin
Increase in HIF1alpha

39
Q

What cancers are associated with Kaposi’s (HHV8)?

A

Kaposi sarcoma
Primary effusion lymhpoma
Multicentric Castleman’s disease

40
Q

What are the sources of carcinogenic ionising radiation?

A
  1. Radon gas
  2. Aeroplanes
  3. Medical sources
  4. Nuclear accidents
41
Q

What are the non-ionising radiations?

A

UVB - 290-320nm most carcinogenic
UVA
UVC

42
Q

What does ionising radiation cause?

A

30% - Direct DNA damage (single or double strand breaks)

70% Indirect DNA damage - free radicals are generated from radiation interaction with water (single or double strand breaks)

43
Q

What damage does UVB cause?

A

Cylobutane-pyramidine dimers
Pyramidine dimers

Free radical generation

G -> T transversions

44
Q

What is the repair mechanism for UV damage?

A

Nucleotide Excision Repair

45
Q
A

Principles of tumour biology for FRCR CO1 (4 decks)

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