Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pathological Processes > 14. Incidence, Prognosis And Treatment Neoplasms > Flashcards

14. Incidence, Prognosis And Treatment Neoplasms Flashcards

1
Q

Have 4 cancers account for over half of all cancers in the UK?

A

Breast, lung, prostate and bowel carcinomas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What 3 cancers are most common in children younger than 14?

A

Leukaemias, central nervous system tumours and lymphomas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Which 3 cancers have the best 3 year survival rates?

A

Testicular cancer, melanoma, breast cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Which 3 cancers have the worst 5 year survival rates?

A

Pancreatic cancer, lungs oesophageal cancers.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is taken into consideration when trying to determine which individuals will have a favourable outcome for malignant neoplasms?

A

Age, general health status, tumour site, tumour type, stage, grade, availability of effective treatments.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

In the TNM staging system what does the T refer to?

A

Size of the primary tumour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

In the TNM staging system what does the N refer to?

A

Extent of regional node metastasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

In the TNM staging system what does the M refer to?

A

Extent of distant metastatic spread

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How are cancers staged?

A

TNM staging is converted into a stage from I to IV, going from stage I being early local disease (T1/2), to stage IV being advanced disease with distant metastasis (any T, N and M1)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the Ann Arbor staging?

A

System for staging lymphoma. Goes from stage I being lymphoma in a single node region, to stage IV indicating diffuse or disseminated involvement of one or more extra-lymphatic organs such as bone marrow or lung.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the Duke’s staging?

A

Staging used for colorectal carcinoma, with Duke’s A being invasion but not through the bowel, and Duke’s D being distant metastases. TNM is still preferred worldwide however.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What does grading refer to?

A

How well/poorly differentiated a neoplasm is.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What cancers is grading used for?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma and colorectal carcinoma.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What grading system is used for breast carcinomas and what does this assess?

A

Bloom-Richardson,

Tubule formation, nuclear variation, number of mitoses.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What malignancies is tumour grade more important for planning treatment and estimating prognosis?

A

Soft tissue sarcoma, primary brain tumours, lymphomas, breast and prostate cancer.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the main methods for cancer treatment?

A

Surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, hormone therapy, and treatment targeted to specific molecular alterations. Also immune therapy is promising for the future.

17
Q

What is adjuvant treatment?

A

Given after surgical removal of a primary tumour to eliminate a subclinical disease.

18
Q

What is a neoadjuvant treatment?

A

Given to reduce the size of a primary tumour prior to surgical excision

19
Q

How is radiotherapy focused on the tumour?

A

With shielding of surrounding healthy tissue

20
Q

In what doses is radiotherapy given? And why?

A

Fractionated doses as this minimises normal tissue damage.

21
Q

What radiation type is used in radiotherapy for malignant neoplasm treatment?

A

X-rays and other types of ionising radiation.

22
Q

How does radiation work in treating malignant neoplasms?

A

Radiation kills rapidly dividing cells, especially those in G2 of the cell cycle as high dosage causes direct or free-radical induced DNA damage that is detected by the cell cycle check-points, triggering apoptosis. Dole-stranded DNA breakages cause damaged chromosomes that prevent M phase from completing correctly.

23
Q

What do the group of chemotherapy drugs, antimetabolites, do?

A

Mimic normal substates involved in DNA replication.

24
Q

What do the group of chemotherapy drugs, alkylating and platinum-based drugs, do?

A

Cross-link the two strands of the DNA helix.

25
Q

What do the group of chemotherapy drugs, antibiotics, do?

A

Act in serval ways eg inhibits enzymes needed for DNA synthesis, or cause DNA double-stranded breaks.

26
Q

What do the group of chemotherapy drugs, plant-derived drugs, do?

A

Block microtubule assembly and interferes with mitotic spindle formation.

27
Q

Give an example of hormone therapy and the type of cancer it is used to treat

A

Selectively oestrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) eg tamoxifen, binds to oestrogen receptors, preventing oestrogen from binding. So used to treat hormone receptor-positive breast cancer, identified using immunohistochemistry.
Androgen blockade is used for prostate cancer.

28
Q

How is herceptin targeted to breast cancer cells?

A

A quarter of breast cancers have over-expression of Her-2 oncogene, and Herceptin blocks Her-2 signalling

29
Q

What does imatinib inhibit in chronic myeloid leukaemia?

A

There is chromosomal rearrangement creating an abnormal ‘Philadelphia’ chromosome in which an oncogenic-fusion protein is encoded. It inhibits the fusion protein.

30
Q

What allows the monitoring of cancer burden during treatment and follow-up?

A

Tumour markers released by cancer cells into the circulation

31
Q

Give an example of a hormone tumour marker

A

Human chorionic gonadotrophin released by testicular tumours

32
Q

Give an example of an oncofetal antigen used as a tumour marker

A

Alpha fetoprotein released by heptatocellar carcinoma

33
Q

Give an example of a specific protein used as a tumour marker

A

Prostate-specific antigen released by prostate carcinoma

34
Q

Give an example of a mucin/glycoproteins used as a tumour marker

A

CA-125 released by ovarian cancer

35
Q

What are the 3 main problems with screening programmes

A

Lead time bias
Length bias
Over diagnosis

36
Q

What 3 cancers are there established screening programmes for in the UK?

A

Cervical
Breast
Bowel cancer

Pathological Processes (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions