14 Hormonal Communication

Question 1

what is an exocrine gland?

Answer 1

ONE THAT PRODUCES ENZYMES AND RELEASES THEM VIA DUCT INTO THE DUODENUM

Question 2

what is produced by the islets of Langerhans?

Answer 2

INSULIN AND GLUCAGON, WHICH ARE RELEASED DIRECTLY INTO THE BLOOD TO CONTROL BLOOD GLUCOSE CONCENTRATION

Question 3

what is the role of insulin?

Answer 3

CONVERTING EXCESS GLUCOSE INTO GLYCOGEN IN THE LIVER

Question 4

what is an endocrine gland?

Answer 4

ONE THAT PRODUCES HORMONES AND SECRETES THEM DIRECTLY INTO THE BLOOD
DUCTLESS, PRODUCES A RESPONSE

Question 5

why does the liver store glucose as glycogen?

Answer 5

GLUCOSE IS REQUIRED FOR CELLULAR RESPIRATION, TF NEEDS TO BE STORED, BRAIN CANNOT STORE CARBOHYDRATES, CONSTANT LEVEL NEEDED IN BLOOD FOR BRAINT TO FUNCTION

Question 6

what benefits arise from human insulin commercially produced?

Answer 6

1. INSULIN PRODUCED BY MICROORGANISMS IS A CHEAPER AND MORE RELIABLE SOURCE/LARGE SCALE PRODUCTION
2. MORE RAPID RESPONSE
3. SMALLER CHANCE OF IMMUNE/ALLERGIC RESPONSE
4. ETHICAL/RELIGIOUS OBJECTIONS TO HUMAN INSULIN

Question 7

what is the name for the conversion of non-carbohydrate to glucose?

Answer 7

GLUCONEOGENESIS

Question 8

what is the name for the conversion of non-carbohydrate to glucose?

Answer 8

GLUCONEOGENESIS

Question 9

describe what happens when blood sugar levels are too high (x7)

Answer 9

1. BLOOD-GLUCOSE LEVELS TOO HIGH
2. B-CELLS DETECT HIGH GLUCOSE CONCENTRATION AND SECRETE INSULIN DIRECTLY INTO THE BLOOD
3. INSULIN BINDS TO SPECIFIC INSULIN RECEPTORS ON TARGET BODY CELLS
4. GLUCOSE TRANSPORT CHANNEL PROTEINS CHANGE SHAPE (TERTIARY STRUCTURE- OPEN)
5. GLUCOSE CONCENTRATION INSIDE CELL INCREASES, ACTIVATING ENZYMES RESPONSIBLE FOR GLYCOGENESIS (GLUCOSE TO GLYCOGEN)
6. ENZYMES ACTIVATED TO INCREASE FAT SYNTHESIS FROM GLUCOSE
7. INCREASED CELLULAR RESPIRATION

Question 10

describe what happens when blood sugar levels are too low

Answer 10

1. BLOOD-GLUCOSE LEVELS TWO LOW
2. HEPATOCYTES (GLYCOGENOLYSIS) AND FAT CELLS (GLUCONEOGENESIS) ARE TARGETED
3. GLUCAGON ACTIVATED ENZYMES TO CONVERT GLYCOGEN TO GLUCOSE - GLYCOGENOLYSIS
4. GLUCAGON STIMULATES FORMATION OF GLUCOSE FROM NON-CARBOHYDRATE SOURCES - AAS ETC. - GLUCONEOGENESIS
5. INCREASES USE OF FATTY ACIDS IN RESPIRATION

Question 11

what are the two regions of the pancreas?

Answer 11

ACINAR CELLS (EXOCRINE) AND ISLETS OF LANGERHANS (ENDOCRINE)

Question 12

what happens to amino acids when deaminated?

Answer 12

1. CONVERTED INTO LIPIDS FOR STORAGE
2. TO CELLULAR RESPIRATION
3. AMMONIA NH3 (TO ORNITHINE CYCLE)

Question 13

what are the effects of adrenaline?

Answer 13

INCREASES HR
INCREASES BLOOD-GLUCOSE CONCENTRATION BY CONVERTING GLYCOGEN TO GLUCOSE IN LIVER -GLYCOGENOLYSIS
AMINO ACID DERIVATIVE
WHEN IT BINDS TO RECEPTOR OF TARGET CELL (COMPLEMENTARY, A-R COMPLEX) IT ACTIVATES ADENYL CYCLASE, WHICH CONVERTS ATP TO cAMP WHICH ACTIVATES OTHER ENZYMES INSIDE CELL