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BIO 100 > 14- Evolution-Evidence Guide > Flashcards

14- Evolution-Evidence Guide Flashcards

1
Q

What two principles did Darwin put forth based on his observations?

A
  1. Natural selection means that nature favors the survival of organisms best suited to their environment.
  2. Every creature is connected to earlier generations through a chain of survival and reproduction.
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2
Q

what are the types of evidence that help to support the concept of Evolution?

A

1.Fossil record- Shows change over time
2. Anatomical Record- Comparing Body Structures
3. Molecular Record- Comparing protein & DNA
4. Artificial Selection- human-caused evolution

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3
Q

Which three (3) things do fossils show us?

A

The Earth is old
Life is old
Life on Earth has changed

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4
Q

Morphological Divergence is…

A

When related species develop physical differences over time because they adapt to different environments or ways of living

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5
Q

Homologous structures

A

Are body parts in different species that look similar because they come from a common ancestor

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6
Q

Analogous structures

A

Are body parts in different species that look similar or serve the same function, but they evolved independently and do not come from a common ancestor.

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7
Q

The wings of an insect and those of a bird. Bird wings are a modification of the fore limbs; while the wings of an insect are in no way related to arms and legs. Insect wings develop independently of the legs. This is an Example of ..

A

Analogous structures

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8
Q

humans, cats, whales, and bats. Although these limbs are used for different purposes—grasping (humans), walking (cats), swimming (whales), and flying (bats)—they all share a similar underlying bone structure. This similarity indicates that these species share a common ancestor. This is an Example of …

A

Homologous structures

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9
Q

How does mimicry benefit an organism ?

A

An organism can avoid being eaten by pretending to look like a toxic or bad-tasting species. Predators see the similar warning signs and stay away, even though the organism itself isn’t harmful. signal for protection

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10
Q

Eastern coral snakes are venomous and have a striking red, yellow, and black banding pattern. Scarlet kingsnakes, on the other hand, are harmless but have a similar banding pattern. The scarlet kingsnake mimicking the coloration of the Eastern coral snake. What do we call this??

A

Mimicry

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11
Q

Vestigial structures

A

body parts or features that no longer serve a functional purpose in an organism but were useful in its ancestors.

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12
Q

Artificial selection

A

happens when humans intentionally breed plants or animals to choose traits they like

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13
Q

Natural selection

A

nature decides which traits are best suited for survival, and organisms with those traits pass them on to their offspring.

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14
Q

A Man has been busy breeding plants and animals to the point that new species have been created. This is a form of…

A

Artificial Selection

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15
Q

Molecular Level

A

The molecular level refers to the smallest and most basic components of life, such as molecules, DNA, proteins, and cells. It’s where the essential processes of living organisms take place.

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16
Q

The difference for a dog is 32, while the difference for a frog is 67. Which organism is more closely related to humans based on this molecular data?

A

we can infer evolutionary relationships using the differences in amino acids from human hemoglobin.
The smaller the difference, the more closely related the organism is to humans.Since the dog has fewer differences compared to humans, it is more closely related to humans at the molecular level.

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17
Q

Fossils found in the lowest geological strata are generally the most..
A. Advanced
B. Complex
C. Primitive
D. Widespread

A

C. Primitive

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18
Q

The forelimbs of early mammals were similar in all features except…
A. Embryonic origin
B. Position on the body
C. Number
D. Function

A

D. Function

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19
Q

An insect population that becomes resistant to a commonly used insecticide is an example of …
A. A founder effect
B. Gene flow
C. Genetic drift
D. Natural selection

A

D. Natural selection

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20
Q

Natural selection, as a mechanism of evolution that acts on variants within populations and ultimately leads to the evolution of different species, was proposed by
A. Lyell
B. Founder
C. Darwin
D. Mendel
F. Malthus

A

C. Darwin

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21
Q

The key point in Darwin’s proposal is that the ___________ imposes the conditions that determine the direction of selection.
A. Gene
B. Environment
C. Individual
D. Parent

A

B. Environment

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22
Q

Microevolution is the term that applies to small-scale changes over a long period of time.
A. True B. False

A

B. False

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23
Q

In the process of natural selection, individuals that are most fit are the ones that are most likely to reproduce.
A. True B. False

A

A. True

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24
Q

In random mating, individuals choose the most attractive mate.
A. True B. False

A

B. False

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25
Dominance causes an allele to become more common. A. True B. False
B. False
26
All of the genes and all of their associated alleles within a population represent the population's. A. Genotype B. Gene flow C. Gene pool E. Genome D. Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
C. Gene pool
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A species is composed of A. Related organisms B. A group of reproductive females C. Organisms that have the potential to interbreed and produce fertile offspring D. Organisms located in the same habitat E. All males and females in the same geographical range with the same ecological requirements
C. Organisms that have the potential to interbreed and produce fertile offspring
28
If the frequency of a recessive allele is 36 percent, the frequency of the dominant allele would be what percent? A. 5 B. 8 C. 64 D. 48
C. 64 use the Hardy-Weinberg principle, which states that the sum of the frequencies of alleles in a population equals 1 (or 100%) the recessive allele is 36% (0.36), 1 - 0.36 = 0.64%
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New alleles arise by... A. Mutation B. Migration C. Genetic drift D. Random mating E. independent assortment
A. Mutation
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The fossil record is incomplete because... A. Very few organisms were preserved as fossils B. Organisms tend to decay before becoming a fossils C. Geological processes may destroy fossils D. Of all of these.
D. Of all of these.
31
According to Darwin, natural selection is based on the __________ found in populations. A. Acquired characters B. Variations C. Weakest members D. Non-competitors
B. Variations
32
The presence of vestigial organs supports evidence of evolution because... A. The vestigial organ is unique to one species B. The vestigial organ is similar to a functional organ in a related species, having been passed down from a common ancestor C. Both the vestigial organ and the functional organ perform the same function D. The vestigial organ could not have been passed down from an ancestor
B. The vestigial organ is similar to a functional organ in a related species, having been passed down from a common ancestor
33
The wing of a bird and the wing of an insect are A. Homologous structures. B. Analogous structures C. Identical structures D. Vestigial structures
A. Homologous structures.
34
When comparing chick and pig embryos, the similar eyes, pharyngeal pouches, and post-anal tails are evidence of A. Analogy B. Convergent evolution C. Common ancestry D. Biogeography
C. Common ancestry
35
Which of the following evolve? A. Populations B. Genera C. Kingdoms D. Individuals
A. Populations
36
Critical to the theory of evolution, Darwin needed to include an idea that was not generally accepted by scientists or society at that time. That idea was.... A. That catastrophism occurred at a uniform rate B. That the inheritance of acquired characteristics was true C. That the Earth must be very old D. That uniformitarianism was false E. That diversity of life was constant through tim
C. That the Earth must be very old
37
Speciation is the process
which one species splits into two or more distinct species.
38
Adaptive radiation
It is when a single species evolves into many different species, each adapted to a unique environment. It often happens when organisms encounter new or diverse environments,
39
Gene flow
is when genes are transferred from one population to another. This happens when individuals from different populations mate and share their genetic material.
40
Microevolution
Microevolution is small, gradual changes in a species' genes over time. These changes happen within a population and can affect traits like color, size, or behavior. Things like natural selection, mutations, and gene flow drive microevolution
41
Homozygous dominant
means an organism has two copies of the same dominant gene (allele).
42
Population
a group of organisms of the same species that live in the same area and can reproduce with each other.
43
Nonrandom mating
happens when individuals in a population don’t mate by chance but choose their partners based on certain traits, like size, color, or strength
44
Homozygous recessive
means an organism has two copies of the same recessive gene (allele).
45
Allele frequency
is how often a specific version of a gene (allele) appears in a population. It's usually shown as a percentage or a decimal
46
Genetic drift
is a random change in the gene frequencies of a population. can cause some traits to disappear and others to become more common
47
Mutation
a change in the DNA of a living thing. It can happen naturally or be caused by something like radiation or chemicals
48
Gene pool
the total collection of all the genes in a population. It includes all the different versions of genes (called alleles) that members of the population can pass down to their offspring.
49
Heterozygous domain
This means an organism has two different alleles for a gene, one dominant and one recessive
50
What is meant by the heterozygote advantage
Heterozygote advantage happens when individuals with two different alleles for a specific gene (heterozygotes, like "Aa") have a better chance of surviving and reproducing compared to those with two of the same alleles (homozygotes, like "AA" or "aa"). This advantage helps maintain genetic diversity in a population.
51
-Natural selection -homologous structures vestigial structures -Fossil -comparative morphology -appendix -Evolution -analogous *Features of different species that are similar in function but not necessarily in structure and which do not derive from a common ancestral feature. *Structures that have no apparent function but that resemble structures their presumed ancestors had. *A vestigial structure in humans. *Structures that are embryologically similar but have different functions. *Structures that bear morphological (shape or form) similarity because they are derived from a common ancestor *A trace of a long dead organism *Changes in the genetic composition of a population from generation to generation. *Groups of organisms better suited for the environment will be able to survive and reproduce.:
Analogous structures: Features of different species that are similar in function but not necessarily in structure and which do not derive from a common ancestral feature. Vestigial structures: Structures that have no apparent function but that resemble structures their presumed ancestors had. Appendix: A vestigial structure in humans. Homologous structures: Structures that are embryologically similar but have different functions. Comparative morphology: Structures that bear morphological (shape or form) similarity because they are derived from a common ancestor. Fossil: A trace of a long-dead organism. Evolution: Changes in the genetic composition of a population from generation to generation. Natural selection: Groups of organisms better suited for the environment will be able to survive and reproduce.
52
Here are three (3) types of Natural Selection and indicate the effect of each one on a population: Stabilizing Selection Directional Selection Disruptive Selection
Stabilizing Selection: Effect: Keeps things balanced by favoring the average traits. It gets rid of extremes (too big, too small) and keeps the population steady around a middle range. Example: Human birth weights staying close to average—too big or too small isn't ideal. Directional Selection: Effect: Pushes the population toward one extreme. If one trait helps survival, more individuals will develop that trait over time. Example: Birds growing longer beaks to access food. Disruptive Selection: Effect: Favors the extremes and gets rid of the average traits, splitting the population into two groups. Example: Animals with light or dark colors surviving better than medium colors.
53
What are the terms of the Hardy-Weinberg equation? p² 2pq q² p q
- p²: The frequency of homozygous dominant individuals (e.g., "AA"). - 2pq: The frequency of heterozygous individuals (e.g., "Aa"). - q²: The frequency of homozygous recessive individuals (e.g., "aa"). - p: The frequency of the dominant allele in the population. - q: The frequency of the recessive allele in the population.
54
What does p² in Hardy-Weinberg represent?
The frequency of homozygous dominant individuals ( AA)
55
What does 2pq in the Hardy-Weinberg represent?
The frequency of heterozygous individuals ( Aa)
56
What does q² in the Hardy-Weinberg represent?
The frequency of homozygous recessive individuals ("aa")
57
What does p in Hardy-Weinberg represent?
The frequency of the dominant allele in the population.
58
What does q in Hardy-Weinberg represent?
The frequency of the recessive allele in the population.
59
In a population, 16% of individuals show a recessive trait (e.g., blue eyes), which means they are homozygous recessive (q²). We’ll calculate the allele frequencies (p and q).
Find the recessive Allele : Given: q² = 0.16 (16%) square root-16 (0.4) frequency of the recessive allele (q) is 40% (0.4 Find the dominant frequency: Since (p + q = 1) p = 1 - q = 1 - 0.4 = 0.6$ = (p) is 60% (0.6).
60
In a population, 9% of individuals show a recessive trait (e.g., having a particular genetic condition). This means q² = 0.09. calculate the allele frequencies (p and q)
Find q² (homozygous recessive frequency): Given: q² = 0.09 (9%) Calculate q (recessive allele frequency): Square root of 9 is 3 = 0.3$$. So, the frequency of the recessive allele (q) is 30% (0.3). Find p (dominant allele frequency): Since (p + q = 1): p = 1 - q = 1 - 0.3 = 0.7$$ The frequency of the dominant allele (p) is 70% (0.7).
61
In a population of butterflies, 36% of individuals have white wings, which is a recessive trait. Using this information:
To Solve: Start by using q² = 0.36 (since the frequency of homozygous recessive individuals is given). Take the square root of q²= 0.36 the frequency of the recessive allele (q) is 0.6 (or 60%). p = 1 - q = 1 - 0.6 = 0.4 The recessive allele frequency (q) is 60% (0.6). The dominant allele frequency (p) is 40% (0.4)
62
Which term represents the homozygous recessive genotype in a population? A. p2 B.q2 C. 2pq D. p2-1
q2- correct
63
If the frequency of Allele “A” in a certain population is 0.55, what is the frequency of allele “a”? Remember that p + q = 1. A. 25% B. 0.45 C. 55% D. 0.20
B. 0.45 the total must be 100%, or 1, then 1-.55=0.45, also 45%.
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