1.4 Ethnicity (Internal)

Question 1

Summary

Answer 1

1. Labelling and Teacher Racism
2. Pupil Responses / Subcultures
3. Institutional Racism

Question 2

1. Labelling and Teacher Racism (Summary)

Answer 2

• Black Pupils and Discipline
• Streaming
• Asian Pupils
• Pupil Identities

Question 3

2. Pupil Responses / Subcultures

Answer 3

• Rejecting Negative Labels
• Mirza: Failed Strategies
• Sewell: Four Responses

Question 4

3. Institutional Racism

Answer 4

• Troyna and Williams
• Critical Race Theory
• Locked-in Inequality
• Marketisation and Segregation
• Ethnocentric Curriculum
• Assessment
• Opportunities
• Discipline
• Criticisms of Gillborn

Question 5

1.1. Black Pupils and Discipline

Answer 5

Gillborn and Youdell: teachers quicker to discipline black pupils than others for the same behaviour
- (Racialised expectations)

Question 6

1.2 Streaming

Answer 6

Forster: stereotypes could result in black pupils being placed in lower sets.

Question 7

1.3 Asian Pupils

Answer 7

Wright: Asian pupils were assumed to have a poor grasp of English and left them out of class discussions.

Question 8

1.4 Pupil Identities

Answer 8

Archer: Teachers define ethnic minorities as lacking ideal pupil qualities (Ideal Pupil, Demonised, Pathologised)

Question 9

2.1 Rejecting Negative Labels

Answer 9

Fuller: group of black girls in London comprehensive

• Instead of accepting labels, they channelled anger
• Positive attitude to academic success but not educational routines or approval of teachers

Question 10

2.2 Mirza: Failed Strategies for Avoiding Racism

Answer 10

• Racist teachers discouraged black pupils from being ambitious through the advice they gave about careers
• Mirza identifies 3 types of racism
  1. Colour Blind
  2. Liberal Chauvanists
  3. Overt Racists

Question 11

2.3 Sewell: Four Responses to Racist Teachers

Answer 11

1. Rebels: Rejected rules of the school (conformed to stereotype of anti authority ‘black macho lad’)
2. Conformists
3. Retreatists: tiny minority who were disconnected from school and subculture
4. Innovators: Valued success but did not seek approval of teachers

Question 12

3.1. Troyna and WIlliams

Answer 12

• Individual and institutional racism

- Institutional Racism is institutions such as schools routinely discriminate

Question 13

3.2 Critical Race Theory

Answer 13

• See racism as an ingrained feature of society

- Carmichael and Hamilton ‘less overt, more subtle, less identifiable’

Question 14

3.3 Locked-in Inequality

Answer 14

Gillborn: ethnic inequality is so deep rooted that it is an inevitable feature of the education system

Question 15

3.4 Marketisation and Segregation

Answer 15

• Gillborn: Marketisation gives schools more scope to select pupils so can allow negative stereotypes to select pupils
• Commission for Racial Equality: Identified similar biases in Britain. Ethnic minority pupils are more likely to end up in unpopular schools

Question 16

3.5 Ethnocentric Curriculum

Answer 16

• Troyna and WIlliams: meagre teaching of Asian languages compared with European languages
• Ball: criticises the National Curriculum for ignoring ethnic diversity and for promoting an attitude of ‘Little Englandism’
• Coard: Promotion of black people as inferior undermines self-esteem
• Stone: Black children do not suffer from low self-esteem

Question 17

3.6 Assessment

Answer 17

Gillborn: Assessments are rigged to validate the dominant culture’s superiority. ‘the rules will be changed to re-engineer failure’

• Change from baseline assessment to FSP in 2003, led to black pupils appearing to do worse
• FSP: Bases on teachers’ judgement where baseline often used written tests

Question 18

3.7 Opportunities

Answer 18

‘Gifted and Talented’ programme: Aim was to meet the needs of more able pupils in inner-city school.
Gillborn: whites are over twice as likely as Black Caribbeans to be identified as gifted and talented

Question 19

3.8 Discipline

Answer 19

Gillborn and Youdell: found teachers had ‘racialised expectations’ that pupils would pose more discipline problems

Question 20

3.9 Criticisms of Gillborn

Answer 20

• Sewell: rejects view that institutional racism is main cause. We need to focus on external factors
• Indian and Chinese Achievement