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PMCOL 200 > 14 - Ethanol > Flashcards

14 - Ethanol Flashcards

1
Q

What is the permeability of ethanol (EtOH)?

A

EtOH is water-soluble and crosses membranes

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2
Q

How does stomach acid alter EtOH?

A

Has no affect

EtOH is not altered by low pH

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3
Q

Drinking on a full stomach ______ absorption and _______ peak BAC

A

Drinking on a full stomach slows absorption and lowers peak BAC

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4
Q

Where does most ethanol absorption occur?

A

Small intestine.

Starts in the stomach but most absorption occurs in the SI

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5
Q

How is BAC measured?

A

BAC = mgEtOH/100mL of blood

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6
Q

Ethanol is distributed throughout _______

A

Tissues

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7
Q

Why do females tend to reach higher BAC?

A

They are smaller and less lean

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8
Q

___ order kinetics describe metabolism of EtOH, what does this mean?

A

0 order kinetics describe metabolism of EtOH, what does this mean?

  • Linear elimination curve
  • Regardless of dose, there is a linear relation curve
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9
Q

What are the two main enzymes for EtOH metabolism?

A
  1. Alcohol dehydrogenase
  2. Aldehyde dehydrogenase
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10
Q

Because alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase ______ quickly and require ____ to operate, the max rate of metabolism is:

A

Because alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase saturate quickly and require NAD+ to operate, the max rate of metabolism is: 8g/hr

= 0.015 BAC elimination/hour

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11
Q

Where is alcohol metabolized?

***** needs editing

A

Liver primarily

Oral mucosa (Breath AC)

Filtered in Kidney

Absorbed in GI tract

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12
Q

EtOH modulates _____ and _______ receptor activity in the brain

  • Tilts the balance of neuronal activation towards:
A

EtOH modulates Glutamate (Glu) and GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) receptor activity in the brain

  • Tilts the balance of neuronal activation towards: hyperpolarization = inhibition
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13
Q

Strong potentiation of _______ receptors at lower [EtOH]

A

Strong potentiation of GABAA receptors at lower [EtOH]

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14
Q

Inhibition of ________ receptors and ________ channels at higher [EtOH]

A

Inhibition of Glu-NMDA receptors and voltage-gated Ca2+ channels at higher [EtOH]

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15
Q

What is the overall effect of EtOH action on brain receptors?

A

neuronal inhibition, sedative-like effects

  • Asphyxiation at lethal doses (0.4-0.5 BAC) via depressed activity in autonomic centres
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16
Q

To which superfamily of channels do GABAA receptors belong?

A

Cys-loop ligand-ligand channel superfamily

  • heteropentameric receptors
    • 2 alpha subunits, 2 beta subunits and 1 other
    • Conduct negative chloride current INTO neurons
17
Q

GABAA receptors conduct _______ into neurons

A

GABAA receptors conduct Cl- into neurons

18
Q

To which receptor superfamily do NMDA receptors belong?

A

Ionotropic Glu receptor superfamily

  • Heterotetrameric receptors
    • Contain 2NR1 subunits and either 2 NR2 or 2 NR3 subunits
  • Conduct positive currents into neurons = depolarizing
19
Q
  • NMDA receptors belong to the ________ receptor superfamily.
  • They are Heterotetrameric and contain 2 _______ and either 2 _______or 2 _______
  • They conduct ________ into neurons
A
  • NMDA receptors belong to the Ionotropic Glu receptor superfamily.
  • They are Heterotetrameric and contain 2 NR1 and either 2 NR3 or 2 NR3
  • They conduct Positive currents (Ca2+ / Na+) into neurons = depolarizing
20
Q

Alcohol is addictive because it releases ____ in the brain

A

Alcohol is addictive because it releases dopamine in the brain

21
Q

________ gives the sensation of warm skin but the core temperature is _______

A

Vasodilation gives the sensation of warm skin but the core temperature is decreased = Autonomic Brainstem nuclei

22
Q

How can alcohol contribute to gastric ulcer formation?

A

Through the loss of mucosal lining

23
Q

Why does alcohol give the “spins” and at what BAC would you get this effect?

A
  • BAC ~0.04
  • EtOH permeates endolymph and cupula
  • BAC starts to decline
  • EtOH diffuses out of the cupula before the endolymph
    • Cupula is now denser than endolymph and does not stabilize when lying down
    • activates sensory fibres
    • Brain interprets this as motion
24
Q

How is metabolic tolerance achieved?

A

Up-regulation of enzymes in heavy drinkers

25
Q

What are some hangover symptoms? Physical and psychological?

When do these symptoms PEAK?

A
  • Physical:
    • headache
    • diarrhea
    • fatigue
    • restlessness
    • nausea
  • Psychological
    • haziness
    • slower cognition
    • impaired reaction times
    • poor reasoning
  • Symptoms peak as BAC reaches 0
26
Q

What is the possible immune component involved in causing hangover?

A

Increased cytokine production via thromboxane pathway

27
Q

What is a Congener?

A

Minor chemical constituent, especially one that gives a distinctive character to a wine or liquor or is responsible for some of its physiological effects

  • substances that flavour and colour drinks
  • More congeners = worse hangover
28
Q

Heavy drinking can cause the brain to metabolize ________ instead of ______

A

Heavy drinking can cause the brain to metabolize acetate instead of glucose

29
Q

what stage of fetal development is most vulnerable to fetal alcohol spectrum disease? What does FASD affect?

A

Third trimester

  • synaptogenesis
  • Facial development
30
Q

How can EtOH change brain health?

A
  • Metabolite of ethanol, acetaldehyde, is reactive
    • Modifies proteins = causes dysfunction
      • eg affects glucose metabolism, protein synthesis, myelin formation, all of which damage neurons and cause cell death
31
Q

What are four regions that are at an increased risk for cancer with EtOH use?

A
  • Upper GI tract
  • Colorectal
  • Liver
  • Breast
32
Q

Why is the upper GI tract susceptible to cancer with high alcohol use?

A

Because microflora contribute to EtOH metabolism

  • Acetaldehyde can reach 10-100x higher concentrations than in the blood
  • Poor hygiene increases microbe count
  • Smoking increases acetaldehyde production
33
Q

How is acetaldehyde linked with cancer?

A

Acetaldehyde interferes with DNA synthesis and repair

PMCOL 200 (30 decks)

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