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PHYS - NEURO > 14. EMOTION > Flashcards

14. EMOTION Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two emotional consequences of withdrawal after long term opioid use?

A
  • Increased anxiety like behaviour

- Increased depression like behaviour

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2
Q

What’s an emotional consequence of withdrawal after long term morphine use?

A
  • Decreased social interaction
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3
Q

What are the two theories of emotion?

A
  1. James-Lange

2. Cannon-Bard

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4
Q

What does the James-Lange theory suggest?

A
  • James Lange theory suggests that emotion is experienced as a result of a physiological change
  • E.g feeling sad because we are crying
  • Stimuli perceived -> Emotional expression -> Emotional experience (fear)
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5
Q

What does the Cannon-Bard theory suggest?

A
  • The emotion can be separated from emotional experience
  • No correlation between emotion & emotional expression
  • Emotions are produced when signal reaches the thalamus, independent of a manifestation
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6
Q

What are the limitations with the three theories of emotion?

A
  • A manifestation of the emotion doesn’t always lead to feeling of an emotion, it can be the other way around. Some individuals can’t cry because of a condition, but that doesn’t mean they aren’t sad
  • It’s difficult to separate an emotion from the emotional experience/manifestation
  • Older theories of emotion were based on studies of brain injury or disease. Lesion studies are not the best way to draw conclusion about neurotypical behaviour
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7
Q

What are two newer theories of emotion?

A
  1. Basic emotion theories

2. Dimension emotion theories

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8
Q

What is Broca’s limbic lobe?

A
  • Broca’s limbic lobe refers to areas of the brain that form a ring around areas such as corpus callosum, cingulate gyrus, temporal lobe, hippocampus
  • Consists of three cortical nuclei
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9
Q

What are the three cortical nuclei of Broca’s limbic lobe?

A
  1. Parahippocampal gyrus
  2. Subcallosal gyrus
  3. Cingulate gyrus
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10
Q

What is the Papez circuit?

A
  • Papez circuit refers to structures of the limbic system which are involved in emotion such as the neocortex
  • Papez circuit connects neocortex & hypothalamus
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11
Q

What structures comprise the Papez circuit?

A
  • Neocortex
  • Cingulate cortex
  • Anterior hypothalamus
  • Hippocampus
  • Fornix
  • Hypothalamus
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12
Q

What’s the role of the neocortex in the papez circuit?

A

Emotional colouring

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13
Q

What’s the role of the hippocampus in the papez circuit?

A

Behavioural expression of emotion

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14
Q

What’s the role of the cingulate cortex in the papez circuit?

A

Emotional experience

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15
Q

What’s the role of the hypothalamus in the papez circuit?

A

Emotional expression

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16
Q

What are the emotional consequences of damage to the hippocampus & anterior thalamus?

A
  • Damage to hippocampus = hyperemotional response

- Lesions of anterior thalamus = spontaneous laughing or crying

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17
Q

What is the limbic system?

A
  • The limbic system consist of many structures which are involved in behavioural & emotional responses
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18
Q

What are the three main structures of the limbic system?

A
  1. Cingulate gyrus
  2. Amygdala
  3. Hippocampus
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19
Q

**What are the functions of the cingulate gyrus?

A
  1. Role in complex motor control
  2. Involved in controlling mood & social interaction
  3. Involved in pain perception
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20
Q

What’s the function of the hippocampus (involving emotion)?

A
  • Hippocampus has a key role in memory

- Involved in associating these memories with emotions & sensations

21
Q

What’s the function of the amygdala?

A
  • Learning & storing of emotion

- Particular emotions such as fear, aggression & anxiety

22
Q

What are three sub-nuclei of the amygdala?

A
  1. BASOLATERAL NUCLEI
  2. CENTRAL NUCLEI
  3. CORTICOMEDIAL NUCLEI
23
Q

**What’s the input of the amygdala?

A
  • Neocortex projects to amygdala

- Basolateral amygdala receives sensory input

24
Q

**What’s the output of the amygdala?

A
  • Amygdala projects out to the hypothalamus:

- Stria terminalis & ventral amydalofugal pathway

25
Q

What syndrome occurs as a result of damage to the temporal lobes?

A
  • Damage or removal of the temporal lobe can result in Kluver Bucy syndrome
  • Amygdala & hippocampus found in the temporal lobes
26
Q

What are the characteristics of Kluver-Bucy syndrome?

A
  • Reduced fear
  • Reduced aggression
  • Oral tendencies
  • Hypersexualisation
  • Reduced anxiety
  • Poor visual recognition but good visual pereception
27
Q

What are the consequences of an amygdalectomy?

A
  • Removing the amygdala would produce symptoms of Kluver Bucy syndrome
  • Reduced fear, aggression & anxiety
  • Oral tendencies
  • Flattened emotions
  • As well as reduced fear, there’s also a reduced ability to recognise fear in others
28
Q

What are the consequences of stimulating the amygdala?

A
  • Increased aggression
  • Increased fear
  • Increased anxiety
  • Increased vigilance
29
Q

**What’s the role of the amygdala in learned fear?

A
  • The amygdala is involved in the recollection of memories that can be painful or emotional
  • It’s involved in associating emotions with memories so is involved in fear conditioning
30
Q

Describe the projections of the amygdala to cause learned fear

A
  • Basolateral nuclei projects to central nuclei (of the amygdala)
  • Central nuclei projects to:
    1. cerebral cortex
    2. periaqueductal gray matter (PAQ)
    3. hypothalamus
31
Q

Which structure is involved in the autonomic response of fear?

A

Hypothalamus - autonomic response of fear

32
Q

Which structure is involved in the behavioural response of fear?

A

PAQ - Periaqueductal gray matter - behavioral response of fear

33
Q

Which structure is involved in the emotional experience of fear?

A

Cerebral cortex - emotional experience of fear

34
Q

What are the two types of aggression?

A
  1. PREDATORY AGGRESSION

2. AFFECTIVE AGGRESSION

35
Q

What is predatory aggression?

A
  • Pure violence with no remorse
  • Attacks another member
  • No vocalisation, aims to kill
  • No sympathetic activity
36
Q

What is affective aggression?

A
  • Aims to display dominance
  • Social hierarchy
  • Involves vocalisation
  • High levels of sympathetic activity
37
Q

Which type of aggression is the amydala more implicated in?

A
  • Affective aggression

- Amygdala has a key role in aggression related to social hierarchy

38
Q

What’s the effect of amydalectomy on aggression?

A
  • Removing the amygdala reduces aggression
  • In a dominant animal that displayed affective aggression, it become sub-ordinate & was no longer dominant if amygdala was removed
39
Q

Describe the consequences of removing the cerebral hemispheres, anterior & posterior hypothalamus in cats?

A
  • Cats who displayed sham rage had their cerebral hemispheres, anterior & posterior hypothalamus removed
  • Removing cerebral hemispheres -> sham rage remained
  • Removing cerebral hemispheres + anterior hypothalamus -> sham rage remained
  • Removing cerebral hemispheres + anterior hypothalamus + posterior hypothalamus -> no sham rage
  • Posterior hypothalamus has a role in sham rage
40
Q

Which structure was found to be involved in sham rage in cats?

A
  • Posterior hypothalamus
41
Q

What’s the consequence of stimulating the hypothalamus?

A
  • Electrically stimulating the hypothalamus can lead to predatory or affective aggression
42
Q

What type of aggression does the lateral hypothalamus cause?

A
  • Predatory aggression

- Lateral hypothalamus

43
Q

What type of aggression does the medial hypothalamus cause?

A
  • Affective aggression
44
Q

What are the two hypothalamic pathways involved in aggression (autonomic function)?

A
  1. MEDIAL FOREBRAIN BUNDLE ->VTA

2. DORSAL LONGITUDINAL FASCICULUS -> PAQ

45
Q

Which hypothalamic pathway produces affective aggression?

A
  • Dorsal longitudinal fasciculus

- Projects to PAQ (periaqueductal gray matter) to cause AFFECTIVE aggression

46
Q

Which hypothalamic pathway produces predatory aggression?

A
  • Medial forebrain bundle

- Projects to VTA to cause PREDATORY aggression

47
Q

What’s the link between serotonin & aggression?

A
  • Serotonin & aggression are inversely related
  • High serotonin = reduced aggression
  • Low serotonin = reduced aggression
48
Q

What’s the effect of a 5HT antagonist on aggression?

A
  • 5HT antagonist = increased aggression

- Blocks serotonin receptor

49
Q

What’s the effect of a 5HT agonist?

A
  • 5HT1A & 5HT1B agonist = reduced aggression & reduced anxiety

PHYS - NEURO (18 decks)

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