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IGCSE Extended Biology 0610 > 14 Coordination and Response > Flashcards

14 Coordination and Response Flashcards

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1
Q

electrical impulses travel…

A

along neurones

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2
Q

the mammalian nervous system includes…

A

PNS (peripheral nervous system) - nerves outside brain and spinal cord.

CNS (central nervous system) - brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

role of the nervous system

A

coordination and regulation of bodily functions

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4
Q

a nerve is…

A

a bundle of nerve cells/neurones

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5
Q

sensory neurones…

A

transmit nerve impulses from receptors in sense organs to the brain

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6
Q

motor neurones…

A

transmit nerve impulses from CNS to effector

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7
Q

relay neurones…

A

transmit nerve impulses from sensory to motor neurones

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8
Q

dendron transmits electrical impulses…

A

towards the cell body

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9
Q

axon transmits electrical impulses…

A

away from cell body

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9
Q

reflex arc is…

A

a pathway where the brain is not involved in creating the response. by the time the brain receives the electrical impulse, the effector is already carrying out the response.

stimulus ⇢ receptor ⇢ sensory neurone ⇢ relay neurone (CNS) ⇢ motor neurone ⇢ effector ⇢ response

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10
Q

describe a reflex action

A

automatically and rapidly integrating and coordinating stimuli with the responses of effectors

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11
Q

describe a synapse

A

junction between two neurones

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12
Q

describe the events at a synapse

A
  1. an impulse stimulates the release of neurotransmitter molecules from vesicles into the synaptic gap
  2. neurotransmitter molecules diffuse across the gap down a concentration gradient
  3. neurotransmitter molecules bind with receptor proteins on the next neurone
  4. an impulse is stimulated in the next neurone
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13
Q

role of dendrite

A

collect information from other cells

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14
Q

role of cell body

A

controls metabolism of nerve cell

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15
Q

role of axon

A

carry information over long distance

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16
Q

role of fatty sheath

A

electrical insulation, prevents distortion of the nervous impulse by activities of neighbouring cells

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17
Q

role of node of ranvier

A

rapid conduction of impulse by forcing message to jump from one node to the next

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18
Q

effect of drugs on synapse 1. drug that blocks receptors from neurotransmitter molecules
2. drug that blocks enzymes from breaking down neurotransmitters

A
  1. neurotransmitters cannot reach receptors, so there are no impulses. no impulses reach the CNS, so there is no sensitivity to stimuli and no response.
  2. neurotransmitters stay in the synaptic gap, and it can bind to receptors, which continuously stimulates the postsynaptic neurone. more impulses are sent, causing repeated response.
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19
Q

impulses only travel in one direction because…

A

vesicles containing neurotransmitters are only present in the presynaptic bulb, while receptors are only found in the postsynaptic neurone

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20
Q

describe a sense organ

A

a group of receptor cells responding to specific stimuli

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21
Q

function of cornea

A

refracts light

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22
Q

function of iris

A

control how much light enters the eye

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23
Q

function of lens

A

focuses light into retina

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24
Q

function of retina

A

contains light receptors which are sensitive to light of different colors

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25
Q

function of optic nerve

A

carry impulses to the brain

26
Q

explain pupil reflex

A

dim light - pupil dilates (becomes wider) allowing as much light as possible to enter the eye

bright light - pupil constricts (becomes smaller) bc high light intensities can damage the retina

antagonistic muscles allow this to happen.
- circular muscles run in a ring around the iris. when they contract, the pupil gets smaller. when they relax, pupil gets bigger.
- radial muscles run in a line from the outer edge to inner edge of iris. when they relax, pupil gets smaller. when they contract, pupil gets bigger.

27
Q

explain accommodation

A

suspensory ligaments attached to lens can become tight or loose. this is controlled by ciliary muscles.

close up: ciliary muscles contract, suspensory ligaments loosen. allows the lens to become fatter, light refracts more.

far away: ciliary muscles relax, suspensory ligaments tighten, allows lens to become thinner, light refracts less

28
Q

describe distribution of rods and cones in human

A

rod cells are found all over the retina, while most cone cells are concentrated in the fovea. the fovea is found in the centre of the retina and it helps to give us sharp and detailed images in bright light

29
Q

function of rods

A

sensitive to dim light

30
Q

function of cones

A

sensitive to colour in bright light

31
Q

3 types of cone cells

A

sensitive to red, blue and green light

32
Q

describe a hormone

A

chemical substance produced by a gland and carried by the blood to alter the activity of one or more target organs

33
Q

source, role and effect of adrenaline

A

adrenal gland

fight or flight response

dilated pupils, increased breathing and heart rate

34
Q

source, role and effect of insulin

A

pancreas

lowers blood glucose level

causes excess glucose in blood to be taken up by muscles and liver and converted into glycogen for storage

35
Q

source, role and effect of testosterone

A

testes

sex hormone in males

development of secondary sexual characteristics

36
Q

source, role and effect of oestrogen

A

ovaries

sex hormone in females

development of secondary sexual characteristics, menstrual cycle

37
Q

difference between endocrine system and nervous system

A

endocrine system: made up of glands, type of message is chemical hormones, speed of transmission is slower, longer effect (until hormone is broken down)

nervous system: made up of nerves, brain and spina cord, type of message is electrical impulse, speed of transmission is very fast, short effect (until nerve impulses stop)

38
Q

blood glucose levels are controlled by…

A

negative feedback mechanism involving the production of insulin and glucagon, which are both made in the pancreas.

39
Q

insulin is produced when…

A

blood glucose rises and stimulates liver and muscle cells to convert excess glucose into glycogen to be stored. it increases cell’s permeability to glucose to increase glucose absorption from blood.

40
Q

glucagon is produced when…

A

blood glucose falls. it stimulates the liver (NOT MUSCLE) to convert stored glycogen into glucose to be released into the blood.

41
Q

adrenaline is known as the ___ ___ ___ hormone, and it is produced where the body might be in danger. why is it called that?

A

fight or flight

flight: remove oneself rapidly from the dangerous situation

fight: if flight not possible, physical combat to overcome danger

42
Q

what does adrenaline cause?

A
  1. increased blood glucose concentration for increased respiration in muscle cells
  2. increased pulse and breathing rate so glucose and oxygen can be delivered to muscle cells, and carbon dioxide taken away from muscle cells more quickly
  3. diverting blood flow towards muscles and away from non essential parts of the body such as the alimentary canal, to ensure the reactants of respiration are as available as possible
  4. dilating pupils to allow as much light in as possible to reach the retina so more information can be sent to the brain
43
Q

what could cause blood glucose concentration to rise or fall?

A

increase: after a meal
decrease: exercise, fasting

44
Q

treatment of type 1 diabetes

A

insulin injections, insulin pumps. blood sugar is monitored to make sure blood sugar level remains within target range.

45
Q

why is temperature control important?

A

enzymes work best at around 37°C. if body temp increases over this temperature, enzymes will denature and become less effective at catalysing reactions such as respiration

46
Q

describe the role of fatty tissue under our skin and around organs to contribute to the maintenance of a constant body temperature

A

skin: fatty tissue/subcutaneous fat
fat is an insulator, so it helps reduce heat loss to the environment

organs: visceral fat
helps retain warmth within organ so it can work effectively despite peripheral tissues becoming cold

47
Q

describe the role of the brain during maintenance of constant body temperature

A

receptors in the brain are sensitive to temperature of the blood (hypothalamus). skin also has temperature receptors and sends nervous impulses to the brain via sensory neurones. brain responds by sending nerve impulses to effectors in the skin to maintain temperature.

48
Q

describe how shivering might contribute to the maintenance of a constant internal body temperature

A

muscular activity generates heat. body’s muscle cells begin to contract spontaneously, and carry out aerobic respiration which generates heat. blood flows to the muscles and is warmed by the heat, warming the whole body

49
Q

describe how sweating might contribute to the maintenance of a constant internal body temperature

A

sweat glands start sweat production. water in the sweat takes energy to change state so heat energy is taken from the skin to evaporate the sweat. it has a cooling effect

50
Q

describe how hairs on the skin might contribute to the maintenance of a constant internal body temperature

A

too warm: hair erector muscles relax, hair lies flat trapping little air next to the skin. more heat is able to escape the atmosphere

too cold: hair erector muscles contract, hair stands up trapping a layer of air next to the skin. air is a good insulator so it prevents heat loss.

51
Q

describe vasoconstriction

A

muscles in the walls of the arterioles leading to the skin’s capillaries contract, reducing blood flow to the surface of the skin, so less heat is transferred to surroundings through convection and radiation

52
Q

describe vasodilation

A

muscles in the walls of arterioles leading to the skin’s capillaries relax, increasing blood flow to the surface of the skin, so more heat is transferred to surroundings through convection and radiation.

53
Q

plant growth occurs by… (2)

A

cell division and cell elongation, then specialise

54
Q

phototropism and gravitropism are examples of…

A

chemical control of plant growth

55
Q

what happens when light comes from all directions?

A
  1. auxin is produced in the apical meristem at the tip of the shoot
  2. auxin diffuses slowly, moving away from the tips of the cells further down the shoot
  3. auxin is evenly distributed in the shoot, and cells receive an equal amount of auxin.
  4. all cells elongate an equal amount
  5. shoot grows straight up
56
Q

what happens when light comes one side?

A
  1. auxin is produced in the apical meristem at the tip of the shoot
  2. auxin diffuses away from the light, causing an uneven distribution of auxin
  3. more auxin on shaded side of root
  4. auxin promotes cell elongation in shoots, shaded side will elongate more than cells on the lighter side, causing shoot to bend, and causing the tip to grow towards the light
  5. POSITIVE PHOTOTROPISM
57
Q

describe the use of clinostats to investigate tropisms

A

adjustable drum that rotates, ensuring that all sides of the plant are influenced by the environmental factor

58
Q

describe tropisms in shoots

A

shoots must grow upwards, away from gravity and towards light, so that leaves are able to absorb sunlight.
shoots have a positive phototropic response and a negative gravitropic response. auxin promotes cell elongation in shoots.

59
Q

describe tropisms in roots

A

roots must grow downwards, away from light and towards gravity, so that the plant can anchor and roots can absorb water and minerals from soil particles.
roots have a negative phototropic response and a positive gravitropic response.

in roots, higher concentrations of auxin results in a lower rate of cell elongation. auxin that accumulates at the lower side of the root inhibits cell elongation, causing the roots to bend downwards.

60
Q

role of pupil

A

hole that allows light to enter eye

61
Q

differences between voluntary and involuntary actions

A

voluntary: conscious control by brain. body chooses to respond to the stimulus (walking)

involuntary: unconscious control by brain. (1- limited control, eg holding breath, defecation, urination, 2- no control, eg. peristalsis, movement of urine in ureter)

62
Q

explain the term involuntary action

A

response to a stimuli that requires no thought

IGCSE Extended Biology 0610 (2 decks)

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