14: ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS Flashcards
hair loss; a common adverse effect of many antineoplastic
drugs, which are more effective against rapidly multiplying cells, such
as those of hair follicles
ALOPECIA
- loss of organization and structure; property of cancer cells
- loss of normal function of cancer cells
ANAPLASIA
the generation of new blood vessels; cancer cells release an
enzyme that will cause angiogenesis or the growth of new blood
vessels to feed the cancer cells
ANGIOGENESIS
drug used to combat cancer or the growth of
neoplasms
ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS
loss of the normal controls and reactions that inhibit growth
and spreading; property of cancer cells
AUTONOMY
inhibition of the blood-forming components
of the bone marrow; a common adverse effect of many antineoplastic
drugs, which are more effective against rapidly multiplying cells, such
as those in bone marrow; seen as anemia, thrombocytopenia, and
leukopenia
BONE MARROW SUPPRESSION
tumor that originates in epithelial cells
CARCINOMA
ability to enter the circulatory or lymphatic system and travel
to other areas of the body that are conducive to growth and survival;
property of cancer cells
METASTASIS
new or cancerous growth; occurs when abnormal cells have
the opportunity to multiply and grow
NEOPLASM
tumor that originates in the mesenchyme and is made up of
embryonic connective tissue cells
SARCOMA
cancer treatment to most people
CHEMOTERAPHY
is a disease that can strike a person at any age
CANCER
It is thought that all cells contain genes that would allow the cell to
become cancer and are responsible for the
characteristics seen in cancer cells
ONCOGENES
the loss of control in autonomy (oss of the normal controls and reactions that inhibit growth
and spreading) allows the cells to form a TUMOR
develop from one cell,
with somatic mutations occurring during cell division as
the tumor grows.
MALIGNANT TUMORS
Types of cancers
- SOLID TUMORS
- HEMATOLOGICAL MALOGNANCIES (leukemias and lymphomas) which occcur in the blood forming organs of the body (bone marrow and lymphatic system)
may originate in any body
organ and may be further divided into carcinomas, or tumors that originate
in epithelial cells, and sarcomas, or tumors that originate in the mesenchyme
and are made up of embryonic connective tissue cells.
SOLID TUMORS
Examples of carcinomas
- Granullar Cell Tumors of the breast
- Bronchogenic Tumors arising in cells that line the bronchial tubes
- Squamous and Basal Tumors of the skin
Types of sarcomas
- Osteogenic Tumors
- Rhabdomyosarcomas
form in the primitive cells of the bone
OSTEOGENIC TUMORS
occur in striated muscle
RHABDOMYOSARCOMAS
alter the
body’s ability to produce and regulate the cells found in the blood.
HEMATOLOGICAL MALIGNANCIES
goal is to decrease the size of the neoplasm so that human immune system can deal with it
CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY
can work by affecting cell survival or by boosting the
immune system in its efforts to combat the abnormal cells
ANTINEOPLASTIC DRUGS
antineoplastic drugs that are commonly used today are:
- ALKYLATING AGENTS
- ANTIMETABOLITIES
- ANTINEOPLASTIC ANTIBIOTICS
- MITOTIC INHIBITORS
- HORMONES AND HORMONE MODULATORS
- CANCER CELLS SPECIFIC AGENTS
can affect cells even in the resting phase, these
drugs are said to be non–cell cycle specific
ALKYLATING AGENTS
They are most
useful in the treatment of slow-growing cancers, which have many cells in
the resting phase.
ALKYLATING AGENTS
interfere with RNA, DNA, or other cellular proteins
ALKYLATING AGENTS
are drugs that have chemical structures similar
to those of various natural metabolites that are necessary for the growth and
division of rapidly growing neoplastic cells and normal cells.
ANTIMETABOLITES
block or disrupt the normal processes of cell growth and division by preventing the cells from using the real metabolites/natural metabolites
ANTIMETABOLITES
inhibit(prevent) DNA production in cells that depend on certain
natural metabolites to produce their DNA. They replace these needed
metabolites and thereby prevent normal cellular function.
ANTIMETABOLITES
needed for DNA synthesis that are inhibited by the antimetabolites
- THYMIDYLATE SYNTHETASE
- DNA POLYMERASE
- FOLIC ACID REDUCTASE
They are considered to
be S phase specific in the cell cycle. They are most effective in rapidly
dividing cells, preventing cell replication, and leading to cell death
ANTIMETABOLITES
Treatment of gestational choriocarcinoma; chorioadenoma
destruens; hydatidiform, meningeal leukemia; symptomatic control of
severe psoriasis; rheumatoid arthritis; juvenile rheumatoid arthritis.
METHOTREXATE
tend to be more toxic to
cells that are multiplying rapidly, they are more useful in the treatment of certain cancers.
ANTINEOPLASTIC ANTIBIOTICS
are cytotoxic and interfere with cellular
DNA synthesis by inserting themselves between base pairs in the DNA chain.
This, in turn, causes a mutant DNA molecule, leading to cell death
ANTINEOPLASTIC ANTIBIOTICS
produce regression in acute lymphoblastic lymphoma,
acute myeloblastic leukemia, Wilms’ tumor, neuroblastoma, soft tissue
and bone sarcoma, breast carcinoma, ovarian carcinoma, thyroid
carcinoma, Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphomas, bronchogenic
carcinoma; also to treat AIDS-related Kaposi sarcoma.
DOXORUBICIN
Key Points
Antineoplastic antibiotics are toxic to rapidly dividing cells.
These drugs are cell cycle specific, affecting the S phase.
Bone marrow suppression, alopecia, and toxic GI effects are common
adverse effects of antineoplastic antibiotics.
are drugs that kill cells as the process of
mitosis begins
MITOTIC INHIBITOR
interfere with the ability of a cell to divide; they block
or alter DNA synthesis, thus causing cell death
MITOTIC INHIBITORS
G0 Phase = Alkylating agents
M Phase = Mitotic inhibitors
S Phase = Antineoplastic antibiotics
S Phase = Antimetabolites
These drugs are given intravenously because they are not well absorbed from the GI tract
ANTINEOPLASTIC ANTIBIOTICS AND MITOTIC INHIBITORS
They are metabolized in the liver and excreted
primarily in the feces, making them safer for use in patients with renal
impairment than the antineoplastics that are cleared through the kidney
MITOTIC INHIBITORS
