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Chemistry🧪🔫 > 14) ALCOHOLS > Flashcards

14) ALCOHOLS Flashcards

1
Q

what is the general formula alcohols?

A

CnH2N-1OH

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2
Q

are alcohols polar or non polar

A

polar

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3
Q

why are alcohols polar?

A

-high electronegative OH group pull electron density away from H + C

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4
Q

what does the dipole on alcohols enable them to do ?

A

form hydrogen bonds

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5
Q

are alcohols soluble in water?

A

some = depends on carbon chain

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6
Q

why are alcohols soluble in water?

A

able to form hydrogen bonds between the -OH group and the water mol.

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7
Q

what are the 3 classes of alcohols?

A

-primary
-secondary
-tertiary

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8
Q

what are the characteristics of primary alcohols?

A

-OH group bonded to one other alkyl group

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9
Q

what are the characteristics of secondary alcohols?

A

-OH group bonded to 2 other alkyl groups

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10
Q

what are the characteristics of tertiary alcohols?

A

-OH group bonded to 3 alkyl group

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11
Q

when alcohols undergo complete combustion what is formed?

A

CO2 + H2O

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12
Q

when primary alcohols are oxidised what do they form?

A

aldehydes

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13
Q

after primary alcohols have been oxidised to aldehydes, if they are oxidised further what do thye form?

A

carboxylic acids

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14
Q

what do secondary alcohols form when they are oxidised?

A

only ketones

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15
Q

do tertiary alcohols undergo oxidation?q

A

no

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16
Q

what are the oxidising agent used in the oxidation of alcohols?

A

*acidified potassium dichromate (K2CR2O7)
*acidified potassium manganate (KMnO4)

17
Q

what colour changes occur when acidified potassium manganate is oxidised?

A

orange –> green

18
Q

what colour changes occur when potassium manganate is oxidised?

A

purple –> colourless

19
Q

what happens during the production of aldehydes from alcohols?

A

-primary alcohol added to oxidising agent (K2Cr2O7) + warmed
-distilled immediately
-gentle heat

20
Q

what happens during the production of carboxylic acids from primary alcohols/?

A

-primary alcohol added to K2Cr2O7
-high heat
-reflux

21
Q

what happens during the reaction secondary alcohols to ketones?

A

-use K2Cr2O7
-does not need to be distilled immediately as ketones cannot be further oxidised

22
Q

when alcohols are dehydrated what do they form?

A

alkenes
(elimination reaction)

23
Q

what is an elimination reaction ?

A

small mol. leaving the parent molecule as a byproduct

24
Q

what is the small molecule removed when alcohols are dehydrated?

A

water

25
Q

what is the name of the hot catalyst used in alcohol elimination reactions?

A

aluminium oxide

26
Q

what is formed in the substitution reaction of alcohols?

A

haloalkane

27
Q

what happens during a substitution reaction of alcohols?

A

-OH group replaced by halogen

28
Q

why are alcohols susceptible to undergo neutrophilic reaction?

A

partial positive charge on hydroxyl carbon

29
Q

what is a halogenating agent?

A

compound that contains a halide ion

30
Q

what happens during the neutrophilic reaction of alcohols?

A

-halogenating agent pulls the e- density away from the C atom = has partial negative charge = acts as a nucleophile
- -OH group gets replaced = form halogenoalkane

31
Q

what is needed for the reaction to be complete?

A

halogenating agent has to be concentrated + excess

32
Q

what happens during an esterification reaction?

A

-alcohol heated under reflux w/ carboxylic acid in the presence of an acid catalyst = forms an ester

33
Q

how is an ester link formed?

A
  • -OH group in carboxylic acid + H atom in alcohol are removed = H2O molecule lost
    new bond formed between the C in C=O and O in the alcohol molecule
34
Q

what happens during alcohol redox reactions?

A

-reduced by sodium metal
-form sodium alkoxide + hydrogen

35
Q

what are alkoxides?

A

-alcohol salts
-very unstable
-act as bases

Chemistry🧪🔫 (8 decks)

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