14-16 Flashcards
Metternich
-greatly influenced Europe
-was a skilled politician
-confident
-focused in resisting the monarchy in France
-dominated the Congress of Vienna
-worked to crush non-conservative ideas
-removed freedom of speech & of press
Country Ruled: none
Years: 1815-1848
Personality: confident, borderline arrogant
Accomplishments: Congress of Vienna, subdued nationalism & liberalism
Failures: did not permanently stop liberalism & nationalism
Overall Rating: successful
Congress of Vienna
Purpose: -re-establish order -desire Europe's future -decide what is needed to be done with the states that had been disturbed by Napoleon's expansion Agreed On: -meeting every few years -return France to 1789 borders -France has been troublesome since 1784 -victors should be rewarded -there needed to be a balance of power -permanent borders were necessary
Liberalism
Chief Ideas: -liberty -equality -human rights -beliefs in democratic or republican government & not a monarchy -universal suffrage -voting rights -ownership of property Examples: -ULA (Undead Liberation Army)
Nationalism
Chief Ideas: -sense of belonging/duty to a nation -enhanced by common culture, history, language, and political beliefs Examples: -Steve Rogers/Captain America
Conservatism
Chief Ideas: -disturbed by nationalism & liberalism -wanted things to stay the same -pricked upper class members Examples: -Ministry of Magic
New Middle Class
-successful business people
-government officials
-people guided by a strong intellect
-wealthy
Enjoyed A…
-disposable income
-education
-food
-servants
Romanticism
Major Characteristics:
- about rebellion, risks, & powerful emotions
- a reaction to the Enlightenment
- inspired by the French Revolution & the Industrial Revolution
- gothic and medicinal motion
- love = driving force
- emotions over reason
- live recklessly, die young
- escape
Women’s Changing Roles
- most worked
- domestic work
- expected to be at home & care for children
- sex-based division of labor
- often legal property of husbands
- lower wages
Changing Attitude Towards Childeren
- survival rates increased
- attention given to children -> emotional bond
- better odds of surviving
- better education
- over protection
Britain Avoids A Revolution
-made small & gradual changes
-reform
-Anglicanism isn’t required to hold office
-equal rights to Catholics
-one could vote if:
owned a house worth 10+ pounds
-1/7 males could vote
Louis Napoleon
- nephew of Napoleon
- attracts conservatives with his “law & order” reputation (name)
- attracted working class with promises of support
- 1812, considered power & became “Emperor Napoleon III”
Revolutions of 1848 in France
Causes: -social unrest -unequal opportunities -socialist ideas People: -Louis-Philippe -Charles X -Louis Napoleon Events: -July Revolution -Louis-Napoleon coup -rebellious students S/F -Success, sort of Achievements: -Louis-Napoleon's liberal rule -some liberal ideas
Revisions of 1848 in Austria
Causes: -wanted suffrage, liberty, & independence from Austrian rule People: -Ferdinand I -Serbs, Croats -Francis Joseph Events: -uprising, recapturing of cities S/F: -f Achievements: -some liberal ideas allowed -no freedom for Austria
Revolutions of 1848 in Prussia
Causes: -wanted to unify Germany & Prussia People: -King Ferdinand Williams Events: -war with Denmark Achievements: -Prussia got a constitution but never unified with Germany
King Louis Philippe
1830-1848 -corruption -inaction -refused election reforms -no social welfare February 1848, barricades the streets and revolted wanted a republic gov -Louis Philipe abdicated the throne (last control) -created the Second Republic
Charles X
- came to power in 1824
- sought to re-establish absolute monarchy
- dissolved legislative assembly
- resumed censorship of the press
- restricted voting
- no social reform
- led to barricading the streets and rioting
- gov collapsed
- gave the throne to his cousin Louis-Philippe
Louis Blanc
- France
- 1811-65
- “The Organization Of Labor”
- equal wages
France’s Second Republic
Compromise of different ideals -government set up National Workshops which gave employment -economic choices worked -disorganized government Suffrage -elections April 1848 -many voting for the first time -elected mix of monarchists (300) moderate republicans (500) radical republicans (100)
Frankfurt Assembly
- May, 1848: 8 delegates from all over Germany met to draft a constitution for all of Germany
- first time all of Germany had a freely elected parliament
Zollverein
- created in 1834 -> industrial growth
- # 1 source of Prussia/Austria tension
- excluded Austria
- 1852: all German states except Austria were in the Zollverein
- basis for a German state without Austria
- foundation for upcoming political union
Unification of Italy - 3 Plans
1: democratic state with universal suffrage
2: union of states under papal authority
3: Italian kingdom headed by Piedmont-Sardinia
Unification of Italy - Unifying In 1860
- Garibaldi resigned & Italy voted to join Victor Emmanuel
- Sardinia + Italy
- very few Italians could vote
Unification of Germany - Bismark’s Goal and Ideals
-strengthen Prussia
(@ the expense of Austria)
-created the Unified German State
-“It is not by speeches and majority resolutions that the great questions of the time are decided, but by iron and blood”
war over politics
take action
-used nationalism to bring together Germany
Unification of Germany - Austro-Prussian War
- Germany/Prussia won the war
- didn’t completely crush Austria -> Austria agreed to permanently stay out of German politics
Unification of Germany - Franco-Prussian War
- France vs the German states-Southern Germans rallied behind the rest of Germany
- Captured Napoleon II
- nationalism united German forces
- started war by insulting France by rewording an ambassador’s asking to not let Hohenzollen’s rule Spain and releasing it to the press
- insulted France by crowning William German Emperor in Versailles’ Hall Of Mirrors
Realisim
- portray ordinary life, not the unusual
- no flowery poetic language, instead observation and description
- disliked the exaggerated, glorified heroes of Romanticism
- folk music + classical music = nationalist realism music
- described in detail people’s suffering
- no fantasy
- normal life, hardships, and struggles
Fourier
- France
- 1772-1833
- no marriage
- free for form sexual union whenever they wanted
- caring and compassion
- income based on the job that they did
- Not Successful b/c his ideas never took hold
- workers liked his ideas
Owen
- welsh
- created New Harmony, Indiana
- 1788-1856
- Utopian societies
- set up Utopian societies
- wanted to make an ideal society
- socialist
- “From each according to ability, to each according to need.”
Engels
- Germany
- 1820-1895
- “The Communist Manifesto”
- appalled by what the Industrial Revolution did to workers
- socialist philosopher
- foundation of modern communism
- collaborated with Marx
- predicted the working class triumphing
Marx
-Germany 1818-1883 -"The Communist Manifesto" -collaborated with Engels -capitalism grew out of the struggle between the classes -highly influential -Marxism focuses on social conflict and the relationship between classes
