Approaches + Key Words Flashcards

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1
Q

Biological approach

A

Believes behaviour to be a consequence of our genetics and physiology.

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2
Q

Psychodynamic approach

A

Focuses on the internal, unconscious mental forces that individuals are largely unaware of, but drive emotions and actions

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3
Q

Behaviourist approach

A

Focuses on the idea that all behaviours are learned through interaction with the environment.

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4
Q

Cognitive approach

A

Studies information processing and ways in which information is extracted, stored, and retrieved and how this guides behaviour.

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5
Q

Humanistic approach

A

Is a holistic approach that focuses on the whole person

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6
Q

Introspection

A

The examination or observation of one’s own mental and emotional processes, by breaking the human conscience into three categories: thoughts, images and sensations.

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7
Q

Determinism

A

The belief that all events and behaviours have causes (therefore, people can not, in fact, choose what to do)

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8
Q

Mental processes

A

All things that the human mind can do naturally.

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9
Q

Empiricism

A

The belief that all knowledge comes from only experience and observations

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10
Q

Objective

A

Something that is objective is not affected by the personal feelings and experiences of the researcher

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11
Q

Subjective

A

Something that is subjective is affected by the personal beliefs or feelings of the researcher

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12
Q

Systematically

A

According to a fixed plan or system; methodically

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13
Q

Perception

A

The process of extracting meaning from what we see, hear, touch, etc. (sensory information)

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14
Q

Demand characteristics

A

When participants try to make sense of the research and change their behaviour to act accordingly to support the aim of the research.

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15
Q

Attention (Bandura’s 4 mediational processes)

A

The extent to which we notice certain behaviours

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16
Q

Retention (Bandura’s 4 mediational processes)

A

How well behaviour is remembered

17
Q

Motor reproduction (Bandura’s 4 mediational processes)

A

The ability of the observer to perform the behaviour

18
Q

Motivation (Bandura’s 4 mediational processes)

A

The will to perform the behaviour, which is often determined by whether the behaviour was rewarded or punished.

19
Q

Identification

A

When a individual associates themselves closely with another individual (role model) who has similar or desirable characteristics

20
Q

Social Learning Theory

A

Suggests that behaviour is learned through observation and imitation of others. Directly (classical and operant conditioning) and indirectly

21
Q

Vicarious reinforcement

A

People’s behaviour is reinforced by observing others being punished or rewarded (indirect)

22
Q

Positive reinforcement

A

Receiving an award for a particular behaviour (direct, increases certain behaviour)

23
Q

Negative reinforcement

A

When someone avoids a certain behaviour to avoid something unpleasant (direct, increases certain behaviour)

24
Q

Classical conditioning

A

Learning through association (direct reinforcement)

Pavlov, 1927

25
Q

Unconditioned stimulus

A

A stimulus that leads to an automatic response

26
Q

Unconditioned response

A

An automatic response to a stimulus

27
Q

Neutral stimulus

A

A stimulus that, at first, elicits no response

28
Q

Conditioned stimulus

A

A neutral stimulus turned into a conditioned stimulus, which elicits a new learned (conditioned response).

29
Q

Conditioned response

A

A new learned response to a neutral stimulus that is now a conditioned stimulus

30
Q

Operant conditioning

A

Behaviour is shaped by its consequence (direct reinforcement)

Skinner, 1953

31
Q

Mediational processes

A

Are mental / cognitive factors taht intervene 8jnthe learning process to determine whether a new behaviour is acquired
Different to behaviourism : learning and performance don’t need to occur together