1.330 Flashcards
Primary function of the respiratory system?
Absorption of O2 and excretion of CO2
Level of respiration/ breathing
⬤ Breathing ( Pulmonary Ventilation): The way oxygen enters the lungs from the surrondings
⬤ External respiration: Gas exchange between the gas of the atmosphere and the lungs
⬤ Internal respiration: Gas exchange between tissue cells and systemic capillary blood
⬤ Cellular respiration: It is a series of chemical reactions that use O2 to break down food (glucose) to produce ATP(generate energy)
Function of the upper respiratory tract?
7 points
➢Conduction( Passageway for gas)
➢ Filtration
➢ Humidification
➢ Heater (warming of inhaled air)
➢Sense of small and taste (olfactory receptors)
➢Serves as a resonating chamber for speech
➢Protection of the lower airway
Definition of the URT?
What it’s composed of?
Defined as airways starting at the nose, extend to trachea
Composed of
➢Nasal cavities and sinuses
➢Oral cavity
➢ Pharynx
➢Larynx
Nasal cavity anatomical structure and their function?
5 points
⬤ External nares give entrance into cavities
⬤ Vestibules contain gross hairs working as filter (nasal cavity./septum)
⬤ Concha or turbinates: three shelflike bones projecting from lateral walls
Function: Increase surface area for filtering, warming, and humidifying inhaled gases
⬤ Contain olfactory cells providing sense of smell
⬤ Surface fluid is provided by goblet cells and submucosal glands in cavity and sinuses
Symptoms of diseases of the nose and paranasal sinuses?
8 points
❖ Nasal obstruction
❖Nasal discharge
❖Epistaxis
❖Hyposmia and anosmia
❖Headache
❖Snoring
❖Nasal septal deviation
❖Nasal polyps
What are sinuses, their sets, and function?
Def: Hollow spaces in the facial bones
Four sets of sinuses: Frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, maxillary
Function of sinuses:
- Reduce weight of head
- Strengthen skull
- Modify voice during phonation
What is the oral cavity?
what is it composed of?
what does the posterior portion of the tongue has?
➢Forms common passage for air, food, and Fluids
➢Tip of soft palate, uvula, marks posterior aspect of cavity
➢Posterior portion of tongue has nerve endings triggering gag reflex to protect airway
Mallampati Score for intubation?
It measures how hard the intubation is from 1 to 4
Oral & nasal cavities open into the?
pharynx
The pharynx is composed of?
-Nasopharynx (from nasal cavity to uvula)
-Oropharynx (from uvula to tip of epiglottis)
Palatine tonsils (removed in tonsillectomy)
-Laryngopharynx (tip epiglottis to larynx)
Anatomic location where respiratory & digestive tracts divide
How many cartilages does the larynx has?
And their position
⬤ Contains nine cartilages
⮚ Thyroid (Adam’s apple)
⮚ Cricoid falls just below thyroid cartilage
⮚ Epiglottis attaches to thyroid cartilage
⮚ Three paired cartilages involved in phonation: Arytenoid, corniculate, cuneiform
What does the epiglottis do?
3 points
❖Closes laryngeal opening during swallowing, to create tight seal to prevent liquids and food from entering respiratory tract
❖Swallowing:
⮞ Muscular contractions resulting in early vocal cord closure and downward epiglottis movement
❖Folds connecting epiglottis and tongue form space called vallecula
⮞ Key landmark for oral intubation
Relative positions of oral cavity, pharynx, & larynx are major determinant of ………, particularly in ………….. patient
Relative positions of oral cavity, pharynx, & larynx are major determinant of patency, particularly in unconscious patient
How to keep patient upper airways open?
Head tilts forward, partial or total occlusion can occur
Extend head into “sniff position” to open airway & facilitate artificial airway insertion
(Correct is extended, flexed is the incorrect way)
