13.3 tourism Flashcards
1
Q
reasons for growth of international tourism
A
- rising incomes
- decreasing costs
- wilder range of destinations
- more marketing: Chernobyl TV show increased visits by 40%.
- growth of budget airlines
- globalisation of work
- air miles rewards schemes
- increase number of paid leave days
- desire to experience other cultures
- social expectations of travel
- high levels of migration
- government investment in tourism
- major international events such as the world cup or the olympics
2
Q
recessions can negatively affect tourism
A
- some may avoid for ethical reasons
- government restrictions on tourism
- perceptions of Terror or Boycotting
- The coronavirus pandemic caused a 72% decline in international tourist arrivals in 2020 and 71% in 2021, compared to 2019
3
Q
Buttler’s model of the life cycle of tourism
A
- evolution of tourist area
- exploration, involvement - development - consolidation - stagnation, decline
- end result may be rejuvenation, stabilisation, stagnation or decline
- Blackpool: fits the Butler model very well
4
Q
Doxey’s index (Irridex) for the life cycle of tourism
A
- shows approaches of the hosts to tourists over time
- initially the reception is positive
- over time sours
- in the final stage (5) environment changed irreversibly
- type of tourists changed
- location will only continue to survive if it can cater to mass tourism
1. euphoria : initial development, anticipation, informal contact with tourists
2. apathy : more formal contact, source of income
3. irritation (annoyance) : costs outweigh benefits to locals
4. antagonism : irritation expressed, tourists blamed
5. final level: environmental degradation, resource base and tourist type changes
5
Q
development of international tourism
A
- WTO: top five export categories for 83% of countries and main source of foreign exchange for 38%
- Europe attracts more than 50% of all international tourists
- tourism vulnerable to external shocks
6
Q
negative social and cultural impact of tourism
A
- the loss of locally owned land
- abandonment of traditional values and practices
- Displacement of locals for tourist activities
- abuse of human rights by government and companies in quest to maximise profits
- alcoholism and drug abuse
- crime and prostitution increases
- visitor congestions at key locations, hindering movement of locals
- denying local people access to beached to provide exclusivity for visitors
- loss of housing for locals as visitors buy second homes
- education is most important element so that visitors are made aware of the sensitive aspects of the host culture
- visitor congestion
- Tourists in Goa use 28x more electricity per person than locals – impinges on needs of locals
7
Q
environmental impacts of tourism
A
- tourist numbers may exceed carrying capacity of a destination: too much burden on local resources
- physical environment cannot accommodate visitors without resultant deterioration and degradation
- governments reluctant to limit number of arrivals in desperate need for foreign currency
- Great Barrier Reef receives 2 million visitors a year
- revenues can fund designation and management of protected areas
- ecotourism spreads awareness
- Tourist revenues fund protection schemes and designation/management of national forests/parks
- Land lost to build hotels and attractions
- Some golf courses use enough water for 5000 people per day, take land from local communities
- ## 2002: 700,000 tonnes of CO2 released from flights from the UK to Cyprus alone
8
Q
positive cultural and social impacts of tourism
A
- can increase range of social facilities for locals
- family ties strengthened by visits
- develop foreign language skills
- encourage migration
- multitude of cultures congregating together can have very positive global impact
- Greater understanding, blending and appreciation of different cultures
- Locals can develop language skills
- Facilities and resources develop
9
Q
negative economic impacts of tourism
A
- economic leakages: revenue generated through tourism is lost to other countries or economies (In Fiji, it is estimated that 60% of the money earned through tourism ends up leaving the country)
- labour intensive, most low paid and seasonal
- Money borrowed for tourism development increases national debt
- All inclusive guests spend all money in hotel – none towards local economy/small businesses
- tourism might not be best use of local resources that could in the future create a larger multiplier effect is used by a different economic sector
- ## locations can become overdependent on tourism
10
Q
positive economic impacts of tourism
A
- tourism has both direct (eg. hotels) and indirect (eg. aircraft manufacture) economic effects
- benefits economy
- benefits all sectors: multiplier effect
- Provides considerable tax revenue (jobs and corporate tax rates) for governments, can balance loan payments
- providing employment in rural areas reduces rural-urban migration
- acts as a growth pole
- Support informal sector/small business jobs
- opening for small businesses
- many jobs in the informal sector where money goes directly to locals
11
Q
Niche Tourism
A
- opposite of mass tourism, undertaken for a specific reason, desire for more sustainable tourism, desire to engage in novel interests
- specific tourism aspect can be tailored to meet the needs of a market segment, which is interested in something particular or distinct
- Costa Rica zip lining (adventure tourism)
- Italy for food (culinary tourism)
- Tourists get bored of traditional ‘sun, sand and sea’ tourism, and diversify their travel to experience different parts of the world
12
Q
Destination Footprint:
A
the amount of greenhouse gas emissions generated by people during tourism (8% of all CO2 emissions)
13
Q
International tourist receipts:
A
expenditure by international inbound visitors, including payments to national carriers for international transport
14
Q
Package holidays
A
accommodation and transport sold together by a tour operator
15
Q
Tourist enclave
A
purposely separating tourists from the general population
16
Q
Ecotourism/sustainable tourism:
A
- sustainable tourism
- Ecotourism growing at 5% per year
- aims to have minimal community and ecological degradation
- Balances development and conservation
- Tourism that takes full account of its current and future economic, social and environmental impacts, addressing the needs of visitors, the industry, the environment and host communities.
- Six Senses resort in Fiji , which is powered solely on solar power, recycles rainwater, runs on a low-waste model, and uses handiwork such as furnishings and artwork created by local villagers
- Extinction Rebellion and Green Peace
- Information spread and online carbon calculators highlight the impact
- Kimana Conservancy, Kenya: charges $10. Money used for development, and reduces pressure on national park
17
Q
political factors of tourism
A
- Use of visas to encourage or control numbers
- Restrictions on travel into or out of countries
- War, internal conflict, terrorism
- Government investment in the tourist industry for facilities, education and skills training, marketing and advertising
- Government backing to fund bids for major international events
- Promotion by the UN as part of achieving millennium development goals and/or sustainable development goals
- Other
18
Q
economic factors of tourism
A
- Increased affluence and increased disposable income
- Increased leisure time due to holiday entitlement and pay
- Reduced relative cost of air travel
- Globalisation and increased business travel
- TNC involvement
- Package holidays
- Marketing and advertising
- Other
