Chapter 15 - Haloalkanes Flashcards

1
Q

What is a nucleophile?

A

Electron pair donator

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2
Q

What are some examples of nucleophiles?

A

OH-
H2O
NH3

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3
Q

What type of reaction do haloalkanes undergo?

A

Nucleophilic substitution

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4
Q

Why does the OH nucleophile approach the electron deficient carbon from behind?

A

Minimises repulsion between nucleophile and ∂- halogen atom

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5
Q

What is the order of carbon-halogen strength?

A

C-F strongest bond (more energy needed to break)
C-Cl
C-Br
C-I weakest bond (less energy needed to break)

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6
Q

What is the trend in rate of hydrolysis for different haloalkanes?

A

Increases as strength of carbon-halogen bond decreases because bond is easier to break

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7
Q

How to measure the rate of hydrolysis in haloalkanes?

A

Add AgNO3(aq) and measure time taken for precipitate to form

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8
Q

When do CFCs break down and why is this bad?

A

When they reach the stratosphere and then catalyse the breakdown of the ozone layer

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9
Q

What is the initiation stage in the depletion of the ozone layer using chlorine radicals? Include conditions

A

CF2Cl2 -> CF2Cl• + •Cl
UV light

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10
Q

What are the two propagation steps in the depletion of the ozone layer using chlorine radicals?

A

Step 1: Cl• + O3 -> ClO• + O2
Step 2: ClO• + O -> Cl• + O2

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11
Q

What are the two propagation steps in the depletion of the ozone layer using nitrogen oxide radicals?

A

Step 1: NO• + O3 -> NO•2 + O2
Step 2: NO•2 + O -> NO• + O2

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12
Q

What is the overall equation for the depletion of the ozone layer?

A

O3 + O -> 2O2

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