Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy and Physiology 1 > 1.3 The Cell > Flashcards

1.3 The Cell Flashcards

1
Q

What is cell theory?

A

cells are the basic units of life (the basic living units of organization), all cells come from other cells, cells function in all organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What German scientists established cell theory?

A

Schleidan, Virchow, and Schwann

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is a light microscope?

A

a device that passes light through a thin sample of the cell and then through a magnifying lens to be seen by the human eye

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

cells can be as big as?

A

1 millimeter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

organelles can be used for what?

A
  1. energy conversion

2. for synthesis of needed compounds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

cells MUST…?

A

take in necessary materials, as well as excrete or expel waste

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

plasma membrane surrounds

A

all cells and contains specialized gates and pumps to allow materials to enter and exit the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

SA to Volume

A

as a cell grows, the ratio of surface area to volume changes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Cells need to remain small

A
  1. as the volume decreases, the SA increases

2. larger SA allows for metabolic processes to occur much faster

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Two basic types of cells

A

prokaryotic and eukaryotic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Prokaryotic cells

A
  1. smaller than eukaryotic cells
  2. DNA is not enclosed in nuclear membrane
  3. do not contain many of the membrane bound organelles
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

prokaryotic cells DO contain

A
  1. plasma membranes

2. ribosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

ribosomes

A
  1. composed of ribonucleic acid (RNA)
  2. synthesize proteins
  3. are not surrounded by a membrane
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what do membranes provide a location for?

A

metabolic processed to occur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

prokaryotes LACK

A

organelles with membranes, so the plasma membrane is often folded inward to create numerous folds for metabolic processes to occur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Prokaryotes:diagram

A
  1. capsule (outer most layer)
  2. cell wall (second layer)
  3. plasma membrane (inner most layer)
  4. flagellum (singular tail attached)
  5. nucleoid (DNA)
  6. pili (hairlike structures)
  7. plasmid (mini coiled structures)
  8. ribosomes- floating circles
  9. cytoplasm- fluid inside cell
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Botulism

A

a type of food poisoning that can lead to paralysis and sometimes death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Clostridium Botulinum

A

can form a dormant, durable cell called an endospore which is released by the bacterium under adverse conditions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what happens during the canning process for food?

A

food is heated to boiling for about 3-4 mins to kill any highly heat resistant endospores

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Plants, animals, and humans all possess what type of cells?

A

eukaryotic cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Eukaryotic cells are

A
  1. larger- 10-100 x larger than prokaryotic cells
  2. have a nuclear membrane
  3. contain many membrane bound organelles
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

why are membranes important to a complex cell?

A
  1. form compartments w/i organelles where reactants are more likely to come into contact
  2. keep certain compounds away from one another
  3. form a work surface where many enzymes can come together to complete a complex reactions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

eukaryotic cell: diagram

A
  1. nucleus (central)
  2. nucleous (center/inside of nucleus)
  3. nuclear envelope- surrounds nucleus
  4. mitochondria- bean like organelles
  5. peroxisome- circular purple
  6. lysosomes- circular orange
  7. ribosomes (small dots attached to ER)
  8. cytoplasm (fluid inside cell)
  9. ER- Blue tubular system attached to nucleus
  10. Golgi Apparatus- flattend sacs to side of ER
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Nucleus

A

surrounded by a nuclear membrane (envelope)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Nucleus is the most prominent organelle and contains what?

A

DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

DNA is composed of what?

A

sequences of nucleotides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

chromosomes are the packaged form of?

A

DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what are genes?

A

portions of the chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Genes determine what?

A

what proteins are synthesized in ribosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Information from DNA is transferred to…

A

ribosomes by mrna (messenger RNA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is rRNA

A

ribosomal ribonucleic acid (found in the ribosomes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

rRna is synthesized where?

A

in a region of the nucleus called the nucleolus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what do ribosomes do?

A

assemble proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

what do ribosomes contain?

A

ribosomal RNA plus enzymes that are necessary to form the peptide bonds between AA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Each type of cell produces a unique combination of

A

proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

the unique sequence of DNA in a cell serves as a code which specifies

A

the order in which AA are assembled

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

what are ribosomes often located?

A

on the ER

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What is the ER

A

Endoplasmic reticulum- tightly packed/flattened sac-like structures that form interconnected compartments w/i the cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

rough ER

A

When ribosomes are located on the ER (RER)

40
Q

After proteins are assembled by the ribosomes what happens?

A

they are modified and transported by the ER

41
Q

Smooth ER

A
  1. has no attached ribosomes

2. responsible for the synthesis of lipids

42
Q

Both types of ER possess what?

A

a large variety of enzymes which catalyze (speed up) chemical reactions

43
Q

cytoplasm (cytosol)

A

included the fluid portion of the cell and all the organelles outside of the nucleus

44
Q

what is the Golgi complex (apparatus) named for?

A

the scientist who discovered it

45
Q

The Golgi complex

A

is an organelle made up of stack of many flattened discs called cisternae

46
Q

golgi complex is connected however

A

most form separate compartments

47
Q

what is the golgi complex responsible for?

A
  1. receiving lipids and proteins synthesized by the ER,
  2. altering their structures and shipping them to other parts of the cell
  3. making lysosomes
48
Q

As portions pinch off from the Golgi membrane forming enclosed sacs called vesicles,

A

they and their contents can be transported to other organelles within the cell or exported out of the cell through the cell membrane

49
Q

This is accomplished through what?

A

fusion of the vesicles with the plasma membrane of the cell or other membrane-bound organelles

50
Q

fusion can occur b/c all membranes w/i the cell are structured

A

similarly

51
Q

digestive enzymes produced by the Golgi complex are called what?

A

lysosomes

52
Q

lysosomes are digestive enzymes that break down

A

biomacromolecules

53
Q

lysosomes can also fuse with other vesicles containing what?

A

harmful bacteria (which allows for bacteria to be degraded into its components

54
Q

tay sachs

A

a genetic disease, when one of the normally present digestive enzymes inside lysosomes is lacking

55
Q

in tay sachs the toxic lipid in the brain cells

A

cannot be broken down which results in lipid buildup causing intellectual disability and death

56
Q

mitochondria

A

responsible for converting the chemical energy found in food into ATP

57
Q

what does ATP stand for?

A

adenosine triphosphate

58
Q

what is ATP

A

A high energy molecule that provides energy to the cell a process called aerobic cellular respiration

59
Q

what happens during aerobic cellular respiration?

A

oxygen is required to break down food. Carbon dioxide, water, and atp are produced

60
Q

each mitochondria of a cell is bound by

A

a double membrane

61
Q

intermembrane space

A

the space between the inner and outer membranes

62
Q

the inner mitochondrial membrane possess numerous folds that

A

increase the surface area, allowing chemical reactions and enzymes required to transfer the chemical energy in food into ATP

63
Q

eukaryotic cells contain

A

a cytoskeleton

64
Q

eukaryotic cells contain

A

a cytoskeleton

65
Q

the cytoskeleton consists of a network

A

of protein fibers that provide structural support and movement w/i a cell

66
Q

what are the two types of protein fibers that compose the cytoskeleton?

A
  1. microtubules

2. microfilaments

67
Q

what are hollow cylinders like a tube that are involved in the movement of chromosomes during cell division

A

microtubules

68
Q

what are in the strucutre of cilia and flagella?

A

microtubulues

69
Q

where do cilia and flagella project from?

A

the surface of some cells

70
Q

what is usually a long, whip-like structure that propels or pulls a single celled organism through a watery medium?

A

flagellum

71
Q

where else is flagellum also found?

A

sperm cells

72
Q

what are shorter and found in greater number on a cell?

A

cilia

73
Q

in humans, where are cililated cells found?

A

along the respiratory passageways for trapping and moving debris

74
Q

what is the name of the anchoring regions for microtubules?

A

MTOC’s (microtubule- organizing centers)

75
Q

during cell division, microtubules grow outward

A

from the MTOC assisting in the movement of chromosomes into two new cells

76
Q

centrioles

A

made up of nine sets of three attached tubules arranged to form a follow cylinder

77
Q

inside the MTOC of animal cells how many centrioles are there usually?

A

two

78
Q

Similar structures called basal bodies anchor

A

cilia and flagella.

79
Q

Both centrioles and basal bodies play

A

a role in microtubule assembly.

80
Q

what are microfilaments?

A

flexible, solid fibers made up of two intertwined polymer chains of actin molecules

81
Q

actin fiber cannot contract, BUT they can generate movement by

A

rapidly assembling and disassembling

82
Q

during cell division what happens?

A

a ring of actin, associated with another protein, myosin, causes the constriction of the cell to form two daughter cells.

83
Q

In muscle cells, actin and myosin slide past one another, shortening the muscle fiber and causing

A

muscle contraction

84
Q

most eukaryotic cells are surrounded by

A

a cell coat

85
Q

what is a cell coat made up of ?

A

polysaccharide side chains (carb), which project out from the proteins (glycoproteins), and lipids (glycolipds), which comprise the cell membrane

86
Q

what do these side chains allow cells to do?

A

recognize one another, make contact/adhere to one another (groups of cells that perform a common function are tissues)

87
Q

many eukaryotic cells secrete?

A

extracellular matrix- which contains tough protein fibers called collagen

88
Q

animal cells and humans cells DO NOT

A

possess a cell wall

89
Q

most plans and bacteria DO

A

possess a cell wall

90
Q

thick cell walls in plants contain

A

multiple layers of cellulose fibers

91
Q

these layers provide

A

strength and support for the stem, roots, and leaves

92
Q

in bacteria, cell walls do not contain cellulose but contain

A

peptidoglycan- a 3D mesh like structure coposed of sugars and AA

93
Q

bacteria possessing a thick peptidoglycan absorb/retain a violet stain called

A

gram-positive

94
Q

bacteria possessing a thin peptidoglycan absorb retain a pink/red stain called

A

gram-negative

95
Q

cell walls act as protection

A

for bacteria

96
Q

antibiotic penicillin interferes with

A

the cell wall structure of gram positive bacteria resulting in a fragile cell wall that cannot protect the cell

97
Q

animals and humans DO NOT require cells walls as they are often equipped with some form of supportive and or protective

A

skeleton

Anatomy and Physiology 1 (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions