1.3 Summarize the types of cables and connectors and explain which is the appropriate type for a solution. Flashcards
Twisted pair copper cabling
- Balanced pair operation
– Two wires with equal and opposite signals
– Transmit+, Transmit- / Receive+, Receive- - The twist keeps a single wire constantly moving away
from the interference
– The opposite signals are compared on the other end - Pairs in the same cable have different twist rates
Coaxial cables
- Two or more forms share a common axis
- RG-6 used in television/digital cable
– And high-speed Internet over cable - RG-59 used as patch cables
– Not designed for long distances
Twinaxial cables
- Two inner conductors (Twins)
- Common on 10 Gigabit Ethernet SFP+ cables
– Full duplex, five meters, low cost, low latency compared to twisted pair
Unshielded and shielded cable
- UTP (Unshielded Twisted Pair)
– No additional shielding
– The most common twisted pair cabling - STP (Shielded Twisted Pair)
– Additional shielding protects against interference
– Shield each pair and/or the overall cable
– Requires the cable to be grounded - Abbreviations
– U = Unshielded, S = Braided shielding, F = Foil shielding - (Overall cable) / (individual pairs)TP
– Braided shielding around the entire cable
and foil around the pairs is S/FTP
– Foil around the cable and no shielding around
the pairs is F/UTP
Structured cabling standards: International ISO/IEC 11801
cabling standards
– Defines classes of networking standards
Structured cabling standards: Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA)
– Standards, market analysis, trade shows,
government affairs, etc.
– ANSI/TIA-568:
Commercial Building Telecommunications
Cabling Standard
* Commonly referenced for pin and
pair assignments of eight-conductor
100-ohm balanced twisted pair cabling
– T568A and T568B
T568A and T568B termination
- Pin assignments in EIA/TIA-568-B - Eight conductor 100-ohm balanced twisted-pair cabling
- 568A and 568B are different pin assignments for 8P8C connectors
– Specification assigns the 568A pin-out to horizontal cabling - Many organizations have traditionally used 568B - You can’t terminate one side of the cable with 568A and the other with 568B
– You’ll run into confusion and technical problems
Fiber communication
- Transmission by light
– The visible spectrum - No RF signal
– Very difficult to monitor or tap - Signal slow to degrade
– Transmission over long distances - Immune to radio interference
– There’s no RF
UPC vs. APC
- Controlling light-Laws of physics apply
- Return loss-Light reflected back to the source
- UPC (Ultra-polished connectors)
– Ferrule end-face radius polished at a zero degree angle
– High return loss - APC (Angle-polished connectors)
– Ferrule end-face radius polished at an eight degree angle
– Lower return loss, generally higher insertion loss than UPC
Media Converter
- OSI Layer 1
– Physical layer signal conversion - Extend a copper wire over a long distance
– Convert it to fiber, and back again - You have fiber
– The switch only has copper ports - Almost always powered
– Especially fiber to copper
Transceiver
- Transmitter and receiver
– Usually in a single component - Provides a modular interface
– Add the transceiver
that matches your network
SFP and SFP+
- Small Form-factor Pluggable (SFP)
– Commonly used to provide 1 Gbit/s fiber
– 1 Gbit/s RJ45 SFPs also available - Enhanced Small Form-factor Pluggable (SFP+)
– Exactly the same size as SFPs
– Supports data rates up to 16 Gbit/s
Common with 10 Gigabit Ethernet
QSFP
- Quad Small Form-factor Pluggable
– 4-channel SFP = Four 1 Gbit/s = 4 Gbit/s
– QSFP+ is four-channel SFP+ =
Four 10 Gbit/sec = 40 Gbit/sec - Combine four SFPs into a single transceiver
– Cost savings in fiber and equipment - Bi-Directional (BiDi) QSFP and QSFP+
- Additional efficiency over a single fiber run
Duplex communication
- Two fibers
– Transmit and receive
Bi-Directional (BiDi) transceivers
- Traffic in both directions with a single fiber
– Use two different wavelengths - Reduce the number of fiber runs by half
Copper patch panel
- Punch-down block on one side, RJ45 connector on the other
- Move a connection around - Different switch interfaces
- The run to the desk doesn’t move
66 block
- A patch panel for analog voice
– And some digital links - Left side is patched to the right
– Easy to follow the path - Wire and a punch-down tool
– No additional connectors required - Generally replaced by 110 blocks
– Still seen in many installations
Fiber distribution panel
- Permanent fiber installation - Patch panel at both ends
- Fiber bend radius - Breaks when bent too tightly
- Often includes a service loop
– Extra fiber for future changes
110 block
- Wire-to-wire patch panel
– No intermediate interface required - Replaces the 66 block
– Patch Category 5 and Category 6 cables - Wires are “punched” into the block
– Connecting block is on top - Additional wires punched into connecting block
– Patch the top to the bottom
Krone block
- An alternative to the 110 block
– Common in Europe - Options available for many purposes
– Analog and digital communication
– Different models can support
higher frequencies
BIX (Building Industry Cross-connect)
- Created in the 1970s by Northern Telecom
– A common block type - Updated through the years
– GigaBIX performance is better than the
Category 6 cable standard
Eathernet Standards: Ethernet
- The most popular networking technology in the world
– Standard, common, nearly universal - Many different types of Ethernet
– Speeds, cabling, connectors, equipment - Modern Ethernet uses twisted pair copper or fiber
- BASE (baseband)
– Single frequency using the entire medium
– Broadband uses many frequencies, sharing the medium
10 and 100 megabit Ethernet
- 10BASE-T (twisted pair)
– Two pair, Category 3 cable minimum
– 100 meter maximum distance - 100BASE-TX
– “Fast Ethernet”
– Category 5 or better twisted pair copper - two pair
– 100 meters maximum length
1000BASE-T
- Gigabit Ethernet over Category 5
– 4-pair balanced twisted-pair - Category 5
– Category 5 is deprecated, so we use Cat 5e today
– A shift to using all four pair
– 100 meter maximum distance
10GBASE-T
- 10 Gig Ethernet over copper
– 4-pair balanced twisted-pair - Frequency use of 500 MHz
– Well above the 125 MHz for gigabit Ethernet - Category 6
– Unshielded: 55 meters, Shielded: 100 meters - Category 6A (augmented)
– Unshielded or shielded: 100 meters
40GBASE-T
- 40 gigabit per second Ethernet
– 4-pair balanced twisted-pair - Category 8 cable - Up to 30 meters
100 megabit Ethernet over fiber
- 100BASE-FX
– Pair of multimode fiber - Same fiber as FDDI
– Laser components
– 400 meters (half-duplex), 2 kilometers (full-duplex) - 100BASE-SX
– A less-expensive version of
100 megabit Ethernet over fiber
– LED optics, 300 meters maximum distance
Gigabit Ethernet over fiber
- 1000BASE-SX
– Gigabit Ethernet using NIR (near infrared) light
– Usually over multi-mode fiber
– 220 meters to 500 meters,
depending on fiber type - 1000BASE-LX
– Gigabit Ethernet using long wavelength laser
– Multi-mode fiber to 550 meters
– Single-mode fiber to 5 kilometers
10 Gigabit Ethernet over fiber
- 10GBASE-SR – Short Range
– Multimode fiber
– 26 to 400 meters, depending on the fiber - 10GBASE-LR – Long range
– Single-mode fiber
– 10 kilometers maximum range
WDM
- Wavelength-Division Multiplexing
– Bidirectional communication over a single strand of fiber - Use different wavelengths for each carrier
– Different “colors” - CWDM (Coarse Wavelength-Division Multiplexing)
– 10GBASE-LX4 uses four 3.125 Gbit/sec carriers
at four different wavelengths - DWDM (Dense Wavelength-Division Multiplexing)
– Multiplex multiple OC carriers into a single fiber
Add 160 signals, increase to 1.6 Tbit/s