1.3 - Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease

Question 1

What is the difference between amylose and amylopectin?

Answer 1

Amylose is one chain of 1, 4 glycosidic. Amylopectin is a chain with branches

Question 2

What is glycogen

Answer 2

Made up of glucose, and highly branched

Question 3

What is the importance of glycogen’s branching?

Answer 3

It can be rapidly hydrolysed, giving access to energy

Question 4

Where is glycogen stored?

Answer 4

Liver and muscles

Question 5

What is cellulose in the diet?

Answer 5

A dietary fibre and non-starch polysaccharide

Question 6

What is a triglyceride made up of?

Answer 6

3 fatty acids and a glycerol molecule

Question 7

What is the bond between glycerol and fatty acids and how is it formed?

Answer 7

An ester bond, formed in a condensation reaction

Question 8

Why are unsaturated fats liquid at room temperature?

Answer 8

The double bonds cause kinks and they cannot pack tightly

Question 9

What are some uses of cholesterol?

Answer 9

• Cell membrane structure
• Making steroid sex hormones
• Forming bile salts

Question 10

Where is cholesterol made?

Answer 10

Made in the liver

Question 11

How is cholesterol transported in the bloodstream?

Answer 11

It is combined with proteins to form lipoproteins

Question 12

What is an LDL?

Answer 12

Fatty acids from diet combine with proteins to form molecule that transports cholesterol to cells

Question 13

What is an HDL?

Answer 13

Contains greater proportion of protein. Triglycerides combine with cholesterol and protein to form it. Transports cholesterol from body tissues to liver where broken down.

Question 14

Which fat type increases LDL?

Answer 14

Saturated

Question 15

What type of fat reduced LDL and HDL?

Answer 15

Polyunsaturated

Question 16

What methods are there for controlling blood pressure?

Answer 16

• ACE inhibitors (antihypertensives)
• Calcium channel blockers
• Diuretics
• Cholesterol lowering drugs
• Diet to reduce risk

Question 17

What do ACE inhibitors do?

Answer 17

• Reduce synthesis of angiotensin II. This causes vasoconstriction.
• Prevents hormone being produced form angiotensin I
• Lowers blood pressure

Question 18

What are the side effects of ACE inhibitors?

Answer 18

• Dry cough
• Dizziness
• Reduction in kidney function
• Abnormal heart rhythm

Question 19

What do calcium channel blockers do?

Answer 19

• Block calcium channels in the muscle cells in lining of arteries
• For muscle to contract, calcium must pass through these channels
• Muscle doesn’t contract, vessels don’t constrict, lower blood pressure

Question 20

What are the side effects of calcium channel blockers?

Answer 20

• Headaches
• Dizziness
• Swollen ankles
• Constipation
• Dangerous for people with heart failure

Question 21

What are diuretics?

Answer 21

• Increase volume of urine produced
• Rid body of salts
• Decrease blood plasma volume
• Decreased cardiac output lowers blood pressure

Question 22

What do cholesterol lowering drugs do?

Answer 22

• Statins inhibit enzyme involved in LDL production at liver

Question 23

How does oily fish reduce risk of CVD?

Answer 23

• Contain omega 3 fatty acids
• Essential for cell functioning
• Reduction in heart disease

Question 24

How does fruit and veg reduce risk of CVD?

Answer 24

• Often are antioxidants
• Reduce LDL
• Compete with cholesterol during absoroption in intestine

Question 25

What is an unstable radical?

Answer 25

• Results when an atom has an unpaired electron

- Highly reactive and can damage cell components

Question 26

How do vitamins such as C protect against radicals?

Answer 26

They provide hydrogen atoms which stabilise radicals by pairing with electrons