1.3 - Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease Flashcards
What is the difference between amylose and amylopectin?
Amylose is one chain of 1, 4 glycosidic. Amylopectin is a chain with branches
What is glycogen
Made up of glucose, and highly branched
What is the importance of glycogen’s branching?
It can be rapidly hydrolysed, giving access to energy
Where is glycogen stored?
Liver and muscles
What is cellulose in the diet?
A dietary fibre and non-starch polysaccharide
What is a triglyceride made up of?
3 fatty acids and a glycerol molecule
What is the bond between glycerol and fatty acids and how is it formed?
An ester bond, formed in a condensation reaction
Why are unsaturated fats liquid at room temperature?
The double bonds cause kinks and they cannot pack tightly
What are some uses of cholesterol?
- Cell membrane structure
- Making steroid sex hormones
- Forming bile salts
Where is cholesterol made?
Made in the liver
How is cholesterol transported in the bloodstream?
It is combined with proteins to form lipoproteins
What is an LDL?
Fatty acids from diet combine with proteins to form molecule that transports cholesterol to cells
What is an HDL?
Contains greater proportion of protein. Triglycerides combine with cholesterol and protein to form it. Transports cholesterol from body tissues to liver where broken down.
Which fat type increases LDL?
Saturated
What type of fat reduced LDL and HDL?
Polyunsaturated
What methods are there for controlling blood pressure?
- ACE inhibitors (antihypertensives)
- Calcium channel blockers
- Diuretics
- Cholesterol lowering drugs
- Diet to reduce risk
What do ACE inhibitors do?
- Reduce synthesis of angiotensin II. This causes vasoconstriction.
- Prevents hormone being produced form angiotensin I
- Lowers blood pressure
What are the side effects of ACE inhibitors?
- Dry cough
- Dizziness
- Reduction in kidney function
- Abnormal heart rhythm
What do calcium channel blockers do?
- Block calcium channels in the muscle cells in lining of arteries
- For muscle to contract, calcium must pass through these channels
- Muscle doesn’t contract, vessels don’t constrict, lower blood pressure
What are the side effects of calcium channel blockers?
- Headaches
- Dizziness
- Swollen ankles
- Constipation
- Dangerous for people with heart failure
What are diuretics?
- Increase volume of urine produced
- Rid body of salts
- Decrease blood plasma volume
- Decreased cardiac output lowers blood pressure
What do cholesterol lowering drugs do?
- Statins inhibit enzyme involved in LDL production at liver
How does oily fish reduce risk of CVD?
- Contain omega 3 fatty acids
- Essential for cell functioning
- Reduction in heart disease
How does fruit and veg reduce risk of CVD?
- Often are antioxidants
- Reduce LDL
- Compete with cholesterol during absoroption in intestine
What is an unstable radical?
- Results when an atom has an unpaired electron
- Highly reactive and can damage cell components
How do vitamins such as C protect against radicals?
They provide hydrogen atoms which stabilise radicals by pairing with electrons
