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BS22001 Human physiology and pharmacology > 13. Musculoskeletal anatomy > Flashcards

13. Musculoskeletal anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What does the axial skeleton consist of?

A

skull, vertebrae, ribs and sternum

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2
Q

What does the appendicular skeleton consist of?

A

bones of the upper limb (inc clavicle and scapula) and bones of the lower limb (inc pelvic bones)

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3
Q

What are features of the long bone?

A
  • proximal epiphysis, metaphysis, diaphysis, metaphysic, distal epiphysis
  • medullary (marrow cavity)
  • bone marrow
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4
Q

What are the 2 layers of bone

A

cancellous (inner, spongy layer) and compact (outer - surrounding marrow cavity)

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5
Q

How is compact bone arranged?

A

in Osteons or Haversian systems

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6
Q

What does an osteon/haversian system consist of?

A

concentric layers of bone (lamellae) with a central Haversian Canal containing blood vessels and nerves

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7
Q

what does the spongy layer lack?

A

osteons

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8
Q

What does cancellous bone consist of?

A

Trabeculae

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9
Q

What is found between trabeculae?

A

red bone marrow

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10
Q

What is an osteocyte? and what are these surrounded by?

A

a living bone cell surrounded by bone matrix in the lacunae (tiny spaces between lamellae)

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11
Q

List features of an osteon

A
  • cytoplasmic process which contact neighbouring osteocytes to allow nutrients and oxygen to pass from the central vessels in the Haversian canal to the osteocytes in the lamellae
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12
Q

How do you repair a fracture?

A
  • Fracture - Haematoma - Cartilage - Callus - Bone remodelling
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13
Q

What are the components of the upper arm?

A

Pelvic girdle (scapula clavicle), arm (humerus), Forearm (Radius, ulna), Hand (bones of the hand)

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14
Q

What are the components of the upper limb?

A

Pelvic girdle (pelvic bones), Thigh (femur), Leg (Tibia and fibula), Foot (bones of the foot)

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15
Q

What are the 3 types of muscle?

A

skeletal, smooth and cardiac

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16
Q

How is muscle classified?

A
  • Fusiform and flat sheet

- Unipennate, bipennate, multipennate

17
Q

What are tendons composed of?

A

dense connective tissue with a high collagen content

18
Q

What do tendons attach?

A

muscle to bone

19
Q

What do tendons do?

A

transfer force between muscle and bone to generate movement

20
Q

What do Ligaments attach?

A

Bone to bone

21
Q

What do ligaments do?

A

stabilise joints by limiting movement in specific directions

22
Q

What us the structure of tendons?

A
  • parallel college fibres (wave pattern)

- fibroblast nuclei (linear arrangement)

23
Q

What is found in the tendon cross-section?

A

widely scattered fibroblast nuclei

24
Q

What is an intermediate tendon in muscle?

A

bipennate (muscle-tendon-muscle)

  • parallel collagen fibres
  • unmineralised fibrocartilage
  • mineralised fibrocartilage
  • cortical bone
25
Q

What is Enthesis?

A

the site where tendon or ligaments are inserted into bone

26
Q

What do ligaments stabilise?

A

joints

27
Q

What type of join is the elbow joint? what movement does this generate?

A

synovial hinge joint

- flex and extent

28
Q

List the features of the arm in the lateral collateral ligament?

A
  • capitulum

- head of radius

29
Q

List the features of the arm in the lateral collateral ligament?

A
  • interosseous membrane
  • oblique cord
  • biceps brachiii
  • anular ligament of radius
30
Q

List the ligaments of the knee joint

A
  • medial collateral ligament
  • lateral collateral ligament
  • posterior cruciate ligament
  • anterior cruciate ligament
31
Q

What does the ligamentum flavum do?

A

a series of ligaments which connect laminae to adjacent vertebrae

32
Q

What does the ligament flavum contain?

A

high content of elastin fibres

33
Q

What are the ligaments of intervertebral joints?

A
  • postural longitudinal ligament

- ligamentum flavum

BS22001 Human physiology and pharmacology (9 decks)

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