13. Musculoskeletal anatomy Flashcards
What does the axial skeleton consist of?
skull, vertebrae, ribs and sternum
What does the appendicular skeleton consist of?
bones of the upper limb (inc clavicle and scapula) and bones of the lower limb (inc pelvic bones)
What are features of the long bone?
- proximal epiphysis, metaphysis, diaphysis, metaphysic, distal epiphysis
- medullary (marrow cavity)
- bone marrow
What are the 2 layers of bone
cancellous (inner, spongy layer) and compact (outer - surrounding marrow cavity)
How is compact bone arranged?
in Osteons or Haversian systems
What does an osteon/haversian system consist of?
concentric layers of bone (lamellae) with a central Haversian Canal containing blood vessels and nerves
what does the spongy layer lack?
osteons
What does cancellous bone consist of?
Trabeculae
What is found between trabeculae?
red bone marrow
What is an osteocyte? and what are these surrounded by?
a living bone cell surrounded by bone matrix in the lacunae (tiny spaces between lamellae)
List features of an osteon
- cytoplasmic process which contact neighbouring osteocytes to allow nutrients and oxygen to pass from the central vessels in the Haversian canal to the osteocytes in the lamellae
How do you repair a fracture?
- Fracture - Haematoma - Cartilage - Callus - Bone remodelling
What are the components of the upper arm?
Pelvic girdle (scapula clavicle), arm (humerus), Forearm (Radius, ulna), Hand (bones of the hand)
What are the components of the upper limb?
Pelvic girdle (pelvic bones), Thigh (femur), Leg (Tibia and fibula), Foot (bones of the foot)
What are the 3 types of muscle?
skeletal, smooth and cardiac
How is muscle classified?
- Fusiform and flat sheet
- Unipennate, bipennate, multipennate
What are tendons composed of?
dense connective tissue with a high collagen content
What do tendons attach?
muscle to bone
What do tendons do?
transfer force between muscle and bone to generate movement
What do Ligaments attach?
Bone to bone
What do ligaments do?
stabilise joints by limiting movement in specific directions
What us the structure of tendons?
- parallel college fibres (wave pattern)
- fibroblast nuclei (linear arrangement)
What is found in the tendon cross-section?
widely scattered fibroblast nuclei
What is an intermediate tendon in muscle?
bipennate (muscle-tendon-muscle)
- parallel collagen fibres
- unmineralised fibrocartilage
- mineralised fibrocartilage
- cortical bone
What is Enthesis?
the site where tendon or ligaments are inserted into bone
What do ligaments stabilise?
joints
What type of join is the elbow joint? what movement does this generate?
synovial hinge joint
- flex and extent
List the features of the arm in the lateral collateral ligament?
- capitulum
- head of radius
List the features of the arm in the lateral collateral ligament?
- interosseous membrane
- oblique cord
- biceps brachiii
- anular ligament of radius
List the ligaments of the knee joint
- medial collateral ligament
- lateral collateral ligament
- posterior cruciate ligament
- anterior cruciate ligament
What does the ligamentum flavum do?
a series of ligaments which connect laminae to adjacent vertebrae
What does the ligament flavum contain?
high content of elastin fibres
What are the ligaments of intervertebral joints?
- postural longitudinal ligament
- ligamentum flavum
