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A Level Chemistry > 13. Intro to AS Level Organic Chem > Flashcards

13. Intro to AS Level Organic Chem Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a hydrocarbon?

A

A compound made up of carbon and hydrogen only.

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2
Q

What are alkanes?

A

Simple, saturated hydrocarbons with no functional group.
General formula CnH2n+2

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3
Q

What is a functional group?

A

A group of atoms which dictates a compound’s physical and chemical properties.

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4
Q

What is a saturated compound?

A

Contains the max amount of hydrogen atoms possible (single bonds only).

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5
Q

What is an unsaturated compound?

A

Contains a carbon-carbon double or triple bond.

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6
Q

What is homolytic fission?

A

The splitting of a covalent bond where each atoms retains one electron from the bonding pair.

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7
Q

What is heterolytic fission?

A

The splitting of a covalent bond where one atom retains both electrons from the bonding pair.

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8
Q

What is a free radical?

A

An uncharged molecule with an unpaired electron.

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9
Q

What is initiation?

A

An initial chemical reaction which triggers further reactions.

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10
Q

What is propagation?

A

A secondary reaction where there is no net gain or loss of free radicals.

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11
Q

What is termination?

A

The final step in a chain reaction where a reactive intermediate is rendered inactive.

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12
Q

What is a nucleophile?

A

A molecule or substance that donates electrons.

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13
Q

What is an electrophile?

A

A molecule or substance that acts as an electron pair acceptor.

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14
Q

What is an addition reaction?

A

A reaction where two or more molecules react to form a larger molecule.

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15
Q

What is a substitution reaction?

A

A reaction where an atom or group is replaced by another atom or group.

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16
Q

What is an elimination reaction?

A

A reaction in which two substituents are removed from a molecule in a mechanism with one or two steps.

17
Q

What is hydrolysis?

A

The splitting up of a compound or molecule using water.

18
Q

What is a condensation reaction?

A

The formation of a compound with the release of water.

19
Q

What is oxidation?

A

The loss of electrons.

20
Q

What is reduction?

A

The gain of electrons.

21
Q

What are the 3 main shapes of organic molecules?

A

Straight-chained, branched and cyclic.

22
Q

How are molecules with hybridised sp orbitals shaped?

A

One s orbital and one p orbital hybridise to form 2 sp orbitals
They repel to give a liner shape with a 180° bond angle

23
Q

How are molecules with hybridised sp2 orbitals shaped?

A

One s orbital and two p orbitals hybridise to form 3 equivalent sp2 orbitals
They all repel each other to give a trigonal planar arrangement with a bond angle of 120°
The unchanged 2p orbital lies perpendicular
eg ethene

24
Q

How are molecules with hybridised sp3 orbitals shaped?

A

One s orbital and three p orbitals hybridise to form 4 equivalent sp3 orbitals
They all repel each other to give a tetrahedral arrangement with a bond angle of 109.5°
eg ethene

25
Q

What are structural isomers?

A

Molecules with the same molecular formula but a different structure formula.

26
Q

What are the different types of structural isomerism?

A

Chain isomerism: branching on the carbon chain
Functional group isomerism: functional group changes
Positional isomerism: the groups attached to the carbon chain move around

27
Q

What are stereoisomers?

A

Molecules with the same molecular and structural formula but a different arrangement of atoms in space.

Geometrical (cis-trans) or optical isomers

28
Q

How does geometrical isomerism arise?

A

Pi bond causes restricted rotation around C=C double bond. meaning groups are fixed in position, causing different isomers to arise.

Cis: both of the highest priority groups on same end (above or below)
Trans: highest priority groups diagonally across from each other

29
Q

What are optical isomers (enantiomers)?

A

Molecules with the same molecular and structural formulas but they are mirror images of each other, occurs where there is a chiral centre

30
Q

What is a chiral centre?

A

A carbon atom bonded to 4 different groups

A Level Chemistry (9 decks)

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