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Science Yr 11 > 1.3 Exam Prep > Flashcards

1.3 Exam Prep Flashcards

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1
Q

The different alleles in a population

A

Variation

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2
Q

The physical expression of a trait

A

Phenotype

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3
Q

The combinations of alleles that an organism possesses. Represented with capital letters for dominant, and lowercase for recessive.

A

Genotype

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4
Q

A double-stranded molecule which is made up of nucleotides. This stores the genetic information made to produce the organism.

A

DNA

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5
Q

DNA is made up of these bonded together. These are made up of a phosphate, sugar, and a base

A

Nucleotides

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6
Q

This is a long, thread-like structure made of DNA and proteins that contains genetic information. It helps to organize and protect the DNA, ensuring that genes are passed on during cell division. Humans typically have 46 chromosomes, arranged in 23 pairs.

A

Chromosome

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7
Q

GeneA small strand of DNA which codes for a certain trait.

A

Gene

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8
Q

Where a gene is located on a chromosome

A

Loci

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9
Q

An alternate form of a geneAllele

A

Allele

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10
Q

Two chromosomes with the same genes (one from the sperm, one from the egg) but with potentially different alleles.

A

Homologous Pair

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11
Q

The order of the bases (A,T,C,G) in an allele

A

Base sequence

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12
Q

Permanent change in the DNA base sequence

A

Mutation

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13
Q

Something which causes a mutation

A

Mutagen

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14
Q

A change in the base sequence that doesn’t change the amino acid sequence, so it doesn’t change the protein.

A

Silent Mutation

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15
Q

A permanent change in the DNA base sequence gives the organism a mutation, making survival easier.

A

Beneficial Mutation

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16
Q

A permanent change in the DNA base sequence gives the organism a mutation making survival more difficult.

A

Harmful Mutation

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17
Q

A mutation that is not in a gamete so it cannot be passed down to offspring (meaning it’s somatic)

A

Non-inherited mutation

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18
Q

A cell which isn’t a gamete (sex cell)

A

A cell which isn’t a gamete (sex cell)

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19
Q

A genetically unique sperm fertilizes a genetically unique egg and produces offspring which has a combination of alleles, different from both parents.

A

Sexual Reproduction

20
Q

Where a haploid sperm and haploid egg fuse together to create a zygote.

A

Fertilisation

21
Q

An organism or cell having only one complete set of chromosomes

A

Haploid

22
Q

A cell having two sets of chromosomes (one from each parent)

A

Diploid

23
Q

A sex cell such as an egg or sperm which unite during sexual reproduction to produce a zygote.

A

Gamete

24
Q

A fertilised egg

A

Zygote

25
Q

A type of cell division that results in four haploid daughter gametes, each genetically different from each other

A

Meiosis

26
Q

Exchange of alleles between homologous chromosomes during meiosis. This results in recombined chromosomes with some alleles from the mother and some from the father.

A

Crossing over

27
Q

When homologous chromosomes line up independently, they create a random order of maternal/paternal chromosomes in the gametes.

A

Independent Assortment

28
Q

Allele pairs are separated during meiosis so each gamete has only 1 instead of 2 alleles for a trait

A

Segregation

29
Q

Two of the same alleles for a trait

A

Homozygous

29
Q

Two different alleles for a trait

A

Heterozygous

30
Q

An allele that is always shown in the phenotype, which masks the recessive allele.

A

Dominant allele

31
Q

Alleles will only appear in the phenotype when dominant alleles are absent.

A

Recessive Allele

32
Q

A tool used to predict inheritance

A

Punnet Squares

33
Q

Compares something to another

A

Ratios

34
Q

A tool to show the inheritance of a trait across generations

A

Pedigree charts

35
Q

When humans decide which individuals breed together

A

Selective Breeding

36
Q

Individuals with the best alleles in the given environment will survive to reproduce and pass the alleles on. These alleles will then become more common, and those with less-suited alleles are less likely to survive, making the alleles rarer.

A

Natural Selection

37
Q

Being able to find food and resources to live as long as they can

A

Survival

38
Q

Something new in the environment (e.g. predator, disease) that influences if certain individuals live or die.

A

Environmental Change

39
Q

Closely related individuals having offspring

A

Inbreeding

40
Q

A reduction in the ability to survive and reproduce due to inbreeding, as well as reduced variation.

A

Inbreeding depression

41
Q

Figuring out what the sequence of bases is for a gene.

A

DNA Sequencing

42
Q

Testing an individual to see if they have a specific sequence of bases (or genes)

A

DNA screening

43
Q

Matching an individual’s genetic markers to another individual to see how they are related to each other.

A

DNA profiling

44
Q

Using a genetic marker/base sequence/gene that only occurs in one species to see whether an unknown individual is that species or not.

A

DNA barcoding

Science Yr 11 (1 decks)

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