1.3 Exam Prep

Question 1

The different alleles in a population

Answer 1

Variation

Question 2

The physical expression of a trait

Answer 2

Phenotype

Question 3

The combinations of alleles that an organism possesses. Represented with capital letters for dominant, and lowercase for recessive.

Answer 3

Genotype

Question 4

A double-stranded molecule which is made up of nucleotides. This stores the genetic information made to produce the organism.

Answer 4

DNA

Question 5

DNA is made up of these bonded together. These are made up of a phosphate, sugar, and a base

Answer 5

Nucleotides

Question 6

This is a long, thread-like structure made of DNA and proteins that contains genetic information. It helps to organize and protect the DNA, ensuring that genes are passed on during cell division. Humans typically have 46 chromosomes, arranged in 23 pairs.

Answer 6

Chromosome

Question 7

GeneA small strand of DNA which codes for a certain trait.

Answer 7

Gene

Question 8

Where a gene is located on a chromosome

Answer 8

Loci

Question 9

An alternate form of a geneAllele

Answer 9

Allele

Question 10

Two chromosomes with the same genes (one from the sperm, one from the egg) but with potentially different alleles.

Answer 10

Homologous Pair

Question 11

The order of the bases (A,T,C,G) in an allele

Answer 11

Base sequence

Question 12

Permanent change in the DNA base sequence

Answer 12

Mutation

Question 13

Something which causes a mutation

Answer 13

Mutagen

Question 14

A change in the base sequence that doesn’t change the amino acid sequence, so it doesn’t change the protein.

Answer 14

Silent Mutation

Question 15

A permanent change in the DNA base sequence gives the organism a mutation, making survival easier.

Answer 15

Beneficial Mutation

Question 16

A permanent change in the DNA base sequence gives the organism a mutation making survival more difficult.

Answer 16

Harmful Mutation

Question 17

A mutation that is not in a gamete so it cannot be passed down to offspring (meaning it’s somatic)

Answer 17

Non-inherited mutation

Question 18

A cell which isn’t a gamete (sex cell)

Answer 18

A cell which isn’t a gamete (sex cell)

Question 19

A genetically unique sperm fertilizes a genetically unique egg and produces offspring which has a combination of alleles, different from both parents.

Answer 19

Sexual Reproduction

Question 20

Where a haploid sperm and haploid egg fuse together to create a zygote.

Answer 20

Fertilisation

Question 21

An organism or cell having only one complete set of chromosomes

Answer 21

Haploid

Question 22

A cell having two sets of chromosomes (one from each parent)

Answer 22

Diploid

Question 23

A sex cell such as an egg or sperm which unite during sexual reproduction to produce a zygote.

Answer 23

Gamete

Question 24

A fertilised egg

Answer 24

Zygote

Question 25

A type of cell division that results in four haploid daughter gametes, each genetically different from each other

Answer 25

Meiosis

Question 26

Exchange of alleles between homologous chromosomes during meiosis. This results in recombined chromosomes with some alleles from the mother and some from the father.

Answer 26

Crossing over

Question 27

When homologous chromosomes line up independently, they create a random order of maternal/paternal chromosomes in the gametes.

Answer 27

Independent Assortment

Question 28

Allele pairs are separated during meiosis so each gamete has only 1 instead of 2 alleles for a trait

Answer 28

Segregation

Question 29

Two of the same alleles for a trait

Answer 29

Homozygous

Question 29

Two different alleles for a trait

Answer 29

Heterozygous

Question 30

An allele that is always shown in the phenotype, which masks the recessive allele.

Answer 30

Dominant allele

Question 31

Alleles will only appear in the phenotype when dominant alleles are absent.

Answer 31

Recessive Allele

Question 32

A tool used to predict inheritance

Answer 32

Punnet Squares

Question 33

Compares something to another

Answer 33

Ratios

Question 34

A tool to show the inheritance of a trait across generations

Answer 34

Pedigree charts

Question 35

When humans decide which individuals breed together

Answer 35

Selective Breeding

Question 36

Individuals with the best alleles in the given environment will survive to reproduce and pass the alleles on. These alleles will then become more common, and those with less-suited alleles are less likely to survive, making the alleles rarer.

Answer 36

Natural Selection

Question 37

Being able to find food and resources to live as long as they can

Answer 37

Survival

Question 38

Something new in the environment (e.g. predator, disease) that influences if certain individuals live or die.

Answer 38

Environmental Change

Question 39

Closely related individuals having offspring

Answer 39

Inbreeding

Question 40

A reduction in the ability to survive and reproduce due to inbreeding, as well as reduced variation.

Answer 40

Inbreeding depression

Question 41

Figuring out what the sequence of bases is for a gene.

Answer 41

DNA Sequencing

Question 42

Testing an individual to see if they have a specific sequence of bases (or genes)

Answer 42

DNA screening

Question 43

Matching an individual’s genetic markers to another individual to see how they are related to each other.

Answer 43

DNA profiling

Question 44

Using a genetic marker/base sequence/gene that only occurs in one species to see whether an unknown individual is that species or not.

Answer 44

DNA barcoding