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GCSE AQA Design and Technology - Theory > 1.3 Developments in New Materials > Flashcards

1.3 Developments in New Materials Flashcards

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1
Q

What are smart materials?

A

Smart materials react to changes in their environment.

These influences could be, for example, stress, temperature, moisture or PH. These changes are often reversible when the environment changes again.

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2
Q

What are the 3 smart materials?

A
  • Thermochromic pigments (colour changing)
  • Photochromic pigments (colour changing) ​
  • Shape memory alloys (SMAs)​
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3
Q

What is a thermochromic pigment?

A
  • Thermochromic materials change colour with heat. ​
  • They are engineered to change colour at a particular temperature. ​
  • They are available as plastic, ink and dyes for textiles and paint.
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4
Q

What are thermochromic pigments used for?

A
  • Test strips on batteries​
  • Safety baby spoons that ensure the baby’s food isn’t too hot- a safety feature that ensures the baby isn’t harmed​
  • There are serious medical uses as well as novelty ones, e.g. liquid crystal fabric strip thermometers, & baby sleepsuits to monitor temperature.​
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5
Q

What is a photochromic pigment?

A
  • Photochromic materials react to UV light & change colour in the light levels
  • These pigments normally appear to have a pale/ off-white appearance, but can dramatically change colour when the lighting is altered. ​
  • They most commonly change when exposed to sunlight or a UV light and when the exposure stops they will revert back to their initial colour at the start
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6
Q

What are photochromic pigments used for?

A

A main use of this is when making sunglasses. The sun shining onto the lens, due to photochromic, the lens then darkens to protect your eyes from the sun.

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7
Q

What is another name for shape memory alloys (SMA’s)?

A

Nitinol

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8
Q

What is a shape memory alloy?

A
  • Metal that after being strained return back to the original shape at a certain temperature. ​
  • If a material is made from shape memory foam, it can return to its original shape once a force is applied to it when heated.
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9
Q

What are SMA’s used for?

A
  • A response to a change in temperature e.g. an alarm system.​
  • Movement is needed in an electrical current e.g. artificial muscles in a robot.​
  • A damaged product needs repairing e.g. a glasses frame can be fixed when heat is applied.​
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10
Q

What is a modern material?

A

Modern materials are new materials developed to have properties that are useful when designing and making products.

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11
Q

What are some examples of modern materials?

A
  • Graphene​
  • Metal foam ​
  • Titanium ​
  • Coated metal
  • Liquid crystal display ​
  • Nanomaterials​
  • Teflon ​
  • Corn starch polymers ​
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12
Q

What are composites?

A
  • Composites are materials made from two or more different materials, and combine the properties of the material they are made from.
  • The earliest know composites were bricks, made by combining straw and mud. ​
  • The mud when dried is good at withstanding compressive forces but is prone to cracking, but when straw is added to mix it provides tensile strength which prevents cracking when the brick dries.
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13
Q

What is graphene?

A
  • Graphene is a thin, 2D layer of carbon that was discovered and extracted from graphite in 2004.​
  • It is harder than diamond, about 3000 times stronger than steel ​
  • It is also currently the lightest known material
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14
Q

What are the advantages of graphene?

A
  • It is transparent and conducts electricity and heat even better than copper. ​
  • It is also a very strong and tough material and due to this strength is now being used for protective clothing, vehicles and buildings.​
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15
Q

What are the disadvantages of graphene?

A

Not good at collecting electrical current produced inside the solar cells.

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16
Q

What is metal foam?

A
  • Metals such as Aluminium, steel or titanium can be made by injecting gas into a metal when it’s at liquid state. ​
  • Metal foam can be used for soundproofing or for crash protection in vehicles.​
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17
Q

What are the advantages of metal foam?

A
  • Very lightweight and has high compressive strength ​
  • It is a porous material that can absorb energy well​
  • It is light enough to be carried in cars without reducing their speed.​
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18
Q

What are the disadvantages of metal foam?

A

Not good at collecting electrical current produced inside the solar cells.

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19
Q

What is titanium?

A
  • Titanium is the 4th most abundant metal and make’s up about 0.62per cent of the earth’s crust​
  • Titanium can be alloyed with other metals such aluminium and vanadium and is also frequently used as titanium oxide.​
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20
Q

What are the advantages of titanium?

A
  • Has high strength it density ratio which makes it suitable to use fin applications such as knee replacements.​
  • Flexible and strong.
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21
Q

What are the disadvantages of titanium?

A

Can be very expensive

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22
Q

What is coated metal?

A
  • Coated metal is a type of metal which has been coated using polymers and other rust preventing chemicals ​
  • They are applied in order to protect the material and reduce rusting and corrosion ​
  • A variety of coatings can be applied to metal, there are different coatings for different types of metals
23
Q

What are the advantages of coated metal?

A
  • Coating the metal protects it from contaminants meaning that it lasts for longer periods of time ​
  • Metal coatings can also be used as a lubricant for example it can make unscrewing screws or bolts easier​
24
Q

What are the disadvantages of coated metal?

A
  • Not always recycled by some local collection services hence may
    be incinerated or end up in landfill
  • Do not degrade easily if littered
25
Q

What is liquid crystal display?

A
  • Liquid crystal display is a form of visual display used in electronic devices, in which a layer of a liquid crystal is sandwiched between two transparent electrodes.​
  • LCD (liquid crystal display) is the technology used for displays in notebooks and other smaller computers.​
  • In an LCD television, the pixels are switched on or off electronically using liquid crystals to rotate polarized light.​
  • Liquid crystal display (LCD) is a flat electronic display panel used as a visual display aid. It uses liquid crystals to create visual effects on screen.
26
Q

What are the advantages of liquid crystal display?

A
  • low power consumption
  • create sharp images
  • compact
  • flat
27
Q

What are the disadvantages of liquid crystal display?

A

difficulty producing black and very dark grays

28
Q

What are nanomaterials?

A
  • Chemical substances or materials manufactured and used at a very small scale (less than 100 nm).
  • Naturally occurring nanomaterials (e.g. volcanic ash, soot from forest fires) or unintentional by-products of burning processes (e.g. wielding, diesel engines) are normally physically and chemically varied and are often called ‘ultrafine particles’.
  • Engineered nanomaterials, however, are intentionally produced and designed with physico-chemical properties for a specific purpose or function.
29
Q

What are the advantages of nanomaterials?

A
  • strong
  • lightweight
  • cheap
30
Q

What is teflon?

A

Teflon is the trade name for a polymer called polytetrafluoroethylene or PTFE.​

31
Q

What are the advantages of teflon?

A
  • Heat and cold resistant ​
  • The dissipation factor is low, but high dielectric strength ​
  • Most chemicals don’t affect it, it’s unreactive ​
  • The coefficient of friction is low, it is slippery and smooth ​
  • Cheap ​
32
Q

What are the disadvantages of teflon?

A
  • Fumes released through overheated Teflon are mildly toxic to humans and deadly to some animals, so can be dangerous ​
  • Easily-scratched ​
  • Does not provide the same resistance to deterioration shown by other coatings ​
33
Q

What are corn starch polymers?

A
  • They were developed to replace oil-based thermoplastics in packaging. ​
  • They are made from polylactic acid found in vegetables high in starch such as potatoes, corn and Maize.
34
Q

What are the advantages of corn starch polymers?

A
  • Environmentally beneficial, because they are degradable. Alternatively, oil-based polymers do not degrade quickly and are often washed into oceans, polluting the sea and being ingested by marine life, which is highly dangerous. ​- takes a lot less energy as extracting oil for oil-based polymers ​
  • Made from renewable sources (sustainable) ​
  • Decompose quickly ​
  • Food safe- restrict the effect packaging has on the environment ​
  • They are scratch- resistant, and can be re-mounded once heated ​
35
Q

What are the disadvantages of corn starch polymers?

A
  • relies on the mass production and growth of crops ​
  • Few facilities where it can be composted ​
  • Can be expensive ​
36
Q

What is technical textiles?

A

Technical Textiles are textile materials and products that are manufactured for their technical and performance rather than their aesthetic characteristic.

37
Q

What are some examples of technical textiles?

A
  • Conductive fabrics ​
  • Fire-resistant fabrics​
  • Kevlar ​
  • Gore-Tex​
  • Microfibers
38
Q

What are conductive fabrics?

A

A material that allows a small electrical current to safely pass through them

39
Q

What are the advantages of conductive fabrics?

A
  • Conductive fibres can be weaved in many different ways, including knitting, sewing, braiding etc. This is an advantage for manufacturers, because of their flexibility, low weight and versatility.​
  • They are much easier to use than just metal fibres, and have fabric in them which creates more uses than if the fibres were pure metal e.g. they wouldn’t be able to make sports clothing out of just metal fibres.​
  • When sewing it, the fabric does not fray.​
40
Q

What are the disadvantages of conductive fabrics?

A
  • The fabrics are brittle.​
  • Conductive fabrics are not always readily available due to challenges in production​
41
Q

What are fire resistant fabrics?

A

A fire resistant material is a material that is designed to withstand heat and resist burning. They are made to burn slowly and prevent the spread of fires. ​

42
Q

What are the uses of fire resistant fabrics?

A

This material is used in bunker gear, worn by firefighters, to protect them from the flames. Fire resistant fabrics for building can also be used for fireplaces and stoves.

43
Q

What are some advantages of fire resistant fabrics?

A

A lot of injuries are caused by flammable clothing ignition, which is extremely dangerous. This is why the alternative of FR clothing is beneficial.

44
Q

What are some examples of fire resistant fabrics?

A

FR cotton, coated nylon, wool and leather

45
Q

What are the disadvantages of fire resistant fabrics?

A

they have defects in terms of washing resistance, handle, strength, especially tear strength

46
Q

What is kevlar?

A

Kevlar is a man-made fibre most commonly associated with the material used in bulletproof vests for soldiers and police officers. Kevlar is also used to make cables, tires, fire-resistant clothes and certain types of sports equipment.

47
Q

What are the advantages of kevlar?

A
  • High strength​
  • Low weight ​
  • Resistant to impact and abrasion damage​
  • It can be made water resistant when mixed with other materials ​
48
Q

What are the disadvantages of kevlar?

A
  • Absorbs moisture​
  • Difficult to cut and grind without special equipment ​
  • They can be degraded by UV lights​
49
Q

What is gore-tex?

A

Gore-tex has been designed to be a waterproof and breathable textile. It is used in clothing to provide a waterproof product.

50
Q

What are the advantages of gore-tex?

A
  • Waterproof​
  • Comfortable​
  • Contains PTFE (Teflon)​
  • Breathable fabric​
  • Can be used for outdoor clothing ​
51
Q

What are the disadvantages of gore-tex?

A
  • Allows moisture to pass through ​
  • The material may need repairs​
52
Q

What are microfibres?

A

Microfibres are a fine synthetic woven fibre that can be coloured

53
Q

What are the advantages of microfibres?

A
  • Very soft, luxurious​
  • Washable or dry cleanable
  • Shrink-resistant​
  • Strong​
  • Insulates against wind, rain, and cold ​
54
Q

What are the disadvantages of microfibres?

A
  • Heat sensitive​
  • Flammable​
  • Lower quality is easier to rip and break ​
  • Colour can fade​

GCSE AQA Design and Technology - Theory (6 decks)

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