13. Building The Crust With Rocks Flashcards

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1
Q

mineral

A

a naturally occurring crystalline, solid chemical element or compound with a uniform chemical composition

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2
Q

crystallization

A

a process in which atoms or molecules come together in an orderly patterned structure

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3
Q

rock

A

a solid mass composed of minerals or volcanic glass

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4
Q

sediment

A

an accumulation of small fragments of rock and organic material that is not cemented together

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5
Q

outcrop

A

an exposed area of bedrock

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6
Q

igneous rock

A

rock that has cooled from magma or lava

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7
Q

sedimentary rock

A

rock formed from compacted and cemented sediments

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8
Q

metamorphic rock

A

rock formed by heat and pressure applied to preexisting rock

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9
Q

rock cycle

A

a model of the processes by which rocks form, are transformed from one type to another, and are recycled into the mantle

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10
Q

lithification

A

the formation of sedimentary rock through compaction and cementation of loose sediments

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11
Q

cementation

A

a process in which minerals fill the spaces between loose particles and bind them together to form sedimentary rock

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12
Q

decompression melting

A

the melting of hot mantle material into magma as a result of changes in pressure, which lower the melting point of the rock; occurs as mantle material rises to a shallow depth in the lithosphere

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13
Q

flux melting

A

process by which subducted water lowers the melting point of mantle material and causes it to melt

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14
Q

extrusive igneous rock

A

(or volcanic rock) rock that has cooled from lava on the crust’s surface

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15
Q

intrusive igneous rock

A

rock that has cooled from magma below the crust’s surface

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16
Q

batholith

A

a body of intrusive igneous rock hundreds of kilometres in extent and formed by the movement and fusion of numerous plutons

17
Q

pluton

A

a dome-shaped igneous rock mass of no more than a few tens of kilometres in diameter

18
Q

sill

A

a horizontal sheet of igneous rock that was injected between layers of preexisting rock

19
Q

dike

A

a sheetlike vertical igneous rock formation

20
Q

laccolith

A

a shallow, dome-shaped igneous rock body

21
Q

exhumation

A

the removal of overlying rock and sediment to expose deeper rocks at the surface

22
Q

clastic sedimentary rock

A

sedimentary rock composed of broken pieces of other rocks

23
Q

organic sedimentary rock

A

sedimentary rock composed mostly of organic material and derived from ancient organisms

24
Q

chemical sedimentary rock

A

sedimentary rock that forms as dissolved minerals are precipitated out and as water evaporates

25
Q

shale

A

a clastic sedimentary rock formed from clay

26
Q

sandstone

A

a clastic sedimentary rock composed chiefly of quartz sand grains

27
Q

limestone

A

a chemical sedimentary rock composed mostly of calcite

28
Q

coal

A

an organic rock formed from the remains of terrestrial wetland forests and widely used today as a fuel source

29
Q

peat

A

a brownish-black, heavy soil found in wetlands, formed from the partially decomposed remains of plants

30
Q

evaporite

A

a deposit of one or more minerals resulting from the repeated evaporation of water from a basin

31
Q

fossil

A

the remains or the impression of an organism preserved in sedimentary rock

32
Q

protolith

A

the parent or original rock from which metamorphic rock was formed

33
Q

fracking

A

the procedure by which water is pumped under high pressure into a shale formation to extract natural gas and oil