Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Y2S1 302 > 13: Antibody drugs > Flashcards

13: Antibody drugs Flashcards

1
Q

what are polyclonal antibodies

A

Aby secreted by many different clones of B cells against different antigenic epitopes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

polyclonal antisera is generated by

A

inoculation of a suitable animal host species with multivalent antigent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are phylogenetic considerations

A

considering the relationship between the donor Ag species and the recipient Aby producing species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

when producing polyclonal antibodies, the more distant the species the _____ the immune response, and the ____ Aby is generated when exposed to donor Ag

A

greater

more

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

_________________ animals may be required to minimize infectious disease cross over to recipient of Aby

A

specified pathogen free animals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

describe how polyclonal antibodies are made

A

disease Ag presented to animal
animal produces Aby from lots of different B cell clones
different types of Aby for this one Ag now put back in infected human

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

in goat anti-mouse IgG, what is the host species and the antigen presenting species

A

host = goat

antigen presenting = mouse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

in horse tetanus antitoxin, what is the host species, what does it neutralize

A

horse = host

neutralizes tetanus toxin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what 2 kinds of cells do you need to make hybridomas

A

immortal myeloma cells + mouse splenocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

which cells are deficient for enzymes that recycle nucleotides for DNA synthesis in hybridomas

A

myelomas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

how many times on average are mouse immunized

A

3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

how to screen that the hybridoma is secreting the appropriate Aby

A

ELISA
flow through cytometry
western blotting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

list the 4 steps of hybridoma production

A
  1. immunization
  2. fusion
  3. screening
  4. subcloning
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

bacteriophages are

A

viral molecules that infect bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

phage display technology generates Aby like fragments called

A

single chain fraction variable (scFv)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

describe the process of phage display

A

coat antigen on plate
add phage library
wash and see which sticks- repeat 3x
infect e.coli with it to amplify + rescreen or ELISA
ELISA to find antigen binding clones
IPTG induced large scale expression of identified clone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what antibody is found in egg yolks

A

IgY

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

how to make your desired antibody in an egg

A

immunize chicken with antigen 2x at ~21 weeks with pathogens, toxins, biomarkers, allergens, etc and it’ll lay an egg for you with the specific IgY

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

applications of chicken egg Aby

A

diagnostic reagents

biomedical applications

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

how to get biotech products from natural sources

A

extraction + protein separation and fractionation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

describe recombinant techniques for biotech products

A

recombination of DNA genes + vector genes which are then introduced to host cells to secrete the coded proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what are recombinant techniques used for

to manufacture what kind of drugs/ ligands?

A

to manufacture larger protein ligands and cytokine drugs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

describe chemical synthesis for biotech products

A

amino acids attached step by step to a solid support

- there is a solution phase and a solid phase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q 
peptides = \_\_ AA
proteins = \_\_\_ AA
A 
peptides = 2-40AA
proteins = >40AA
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what are semisynthetic approaches to making biotech products

A

chemical mod of natural peptides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

issues with absorption of peptide drugs

A

poor absorption across membranes + low oral bioavailability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

peptide drugs typically have a ___ Vd and ___ half life

A

low, low

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

peptide drugs are prone to ______ and/or ______degredation

A

aggregation

chemical degradation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

why do peptide drugs have low Vd

A

large size

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

molecules larger than __ can’t pass through glomerular membrane for urinary excretion

A

70kDa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

protein _____ _____ increases when GFR decreases = greater diffusion across barrier

A

sieving coefficient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

chemical degradation breaks ____ bonds resulting in

A

covalent

chemical structural changes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

physical biotech drug structure stability depends on

A

protein secondary, tertiary, or quaternary noncovalent interactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

which degredation breaks noncovalent bonds, chemical or physical

A

physical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

oxidation is ____ degradation, aggregation is _____ degradation

A

chemical

physical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

denaturation is the loss of ___ or ___ structure, resulting in irreversible or reversible changes

A

secondary or tertiary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

what sterilization methods should not be used on proteins

A

heat, gas, ionizing radiation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

biologics should be assembled under ___ conditions and a final _________ should be done

A

aseptic

final filtration sterilization (pre filter, then 0.22um filter)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

T or F: excipients used for biologics can not be sterilized by heat either

A

F- equipment and excipients sterilized separately from protein API, then combined

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

pyrogen removal mainly targets

A

endotoxin (LPS) from gram - bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

how are pyrogens removed

A

ion exchange chromatography
reverse osmosis generated water for injection
dialysis, charcoal, oxidation, dry heating

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

what are some excipients used in biotech drugs for parenteral formulations

A

solubility enhancers
anti-adsorption/ aggregation agents
buffers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

what is the shelf life of aqueous biologics

A

<2 years

44
Q

stability of aq biologics depend on

A

pH, ionic strength, temperature, excipient stabilizers

45
Q

why do we freeze dry biologics

A

because the presence of water promotes physiochemical degradation = can extend shelf life to >2 years without it

46
Q

what excipients does freeze drying require

A

bulking agents
collapse temperature modifier
lyoprotectant

47
Q

dried, compact biologic tablets are mostly used for ______ and are applied ______ through compressed air powered rifles

A

used for animals by vets

applied subdermally

48
Q

what kind of oral biologic formulations seem to show improved GI uptake

A

lipidized

49
Q

what are some limitations to IM and SC

A

may result in metabolic inactivation before hitting systemic circ
bioavailability limited by circulation to specific area
variable residence time and disposition

50
Q

T or F: the transdermal route avoids first pass

A

T

51
Q

what is the primary challenge of the transdermal route

A

proteins and peptides do not penetrate the stratum corneum well

52
Q

how can we increase ability of drugs to penetrate transdermally

A

penetration enhancers- microneedle patches, sonophoresis, iontophoresis

53
Q

what is a noninvasive approach that avoids first pass

A

nasal administration

54
Q

what is a barrier for bioavailability in nasal admin

A

large molecular weighr

55
Q

why is buccal sometimes preferred over GIT

A

less protease and acid degradation

56
Q

what is a problem with pulmonary admin route

A

lung irritation and induction of immune response

57
Q

what are biotech products

A

when living organisms are involved in the production or modification of a product

58
Q

what are biologic response modulators

A

immunomodulators that target disease causing mechanism

59
Q

what are biosimilars

A

a biological product that is highly similar to a reference product and show no clinically meaningful difference from reference product in terms of safety, purity, and potency

60
Q

how do biologic drugs differ from small molecule drugs

A

structural complexity

manufacturing techniques

61
Q

what are some patient related factors that can influence biologic ADRs

A

genetic predisposition to produce neutralizing antibodies
expression of the endogenous eq of the product
comorbid conditions

62
Q

T or F: immunogenisity from biologics are usually mild

A

F- range from irrelevant to lethal- unpredictable

63
Q

excipients are added in order to increase biotech drug ____________

A

stability and preservation
maintain tonicity
facilitate drug delivery
avoid immunogenicity

64
Q

protein based therapeutics may cause an ____ response leading to AEs, or drug ____ upon repeated exposure

A

immunogenic

drug clearance

65
Q

excipient categories include

A 
pH modifier
tonicity agents
bulking agents
wetting and//or solubilizing agent
antioxidants
antimicrobial preservative
chelating and/ or complexing agents
66
Q

on average, how many excipients does a biological drug product contain?

A

4.45

67
Q

T or F: small molecule oral medications contain less excipients on average compared to biological drug products

A

F- bio = 4.45, molecule = 8.8

68
Q

what are the 4 most common excipients in biotech drugs

A

water
sodium chloride
polysorbate 80
sucrose

69
Q

how can clinicians provide further investigational evidence of ADR to medications

A

skin prick testing + other diagnostics

70
Q

describe BRM therapy

A

a type of treatment that mobilizes the body’s immune system to fight cancer

71
Q

describe the cytokine scavenging Aby drug in terms of bone resorption

A

binds cytokines so that it can’t release signals and stimulate osteoclasts to breakdown bone

72
Q

what is chimeric mAb

A

an antibody that has components from both mouse and human

73
Q

what is the prefix associated with mouse Aby

A

xi

74
Q

how to make humanized mAb

A

graft CDRs from a mouse antibody onto a human variable region framework

75
Q

what prefix is used for humanized Aby

A

zuman

76
Q

fully human Aby prefix

A

umab

77
Q

fully human antibodies have been achieved using ____ + _______

A

phage display and mammalian cell culture

78
Q

infliximab is a __ aby and binds and neutralizes ___

A

mouse chimeric Aby

binds TNF-alpha

79
Q

adalimumab is a ____ aby that binds _

A

fully human antibody

TNFalpha

80
Q

what are drug delivery systems

A

specially designed formulations or devices that can deliver the drug cargo exactly where it needs to be at a controlled rate + minimize systemic exposure

81
Q

list some reasons why DDS are needed

A

increases ease of administration
increase deposition at specific site = decreased AE and lower dose needed
resolve formulation issues

82
Q

T or F: companies may get FDA approval for a drug tablet, they can then make this drug into a solution and sell it

A

F- only what form is approved can be made

83
Q

what are the 5 features of an ideal DDS

A 
ease of administration
able to control the release of API
able to deliver API at site needed
low immunogenic potential/ hypersensitivity
nontoxic
84
Q

what are some DDS delivery vehicles

A

liposomes, polymers, nanoparticles

85
Q

what are the 6 factors affecting selection of route of administration

A 
drug characteristics
ease of administration
mechanism of action
onset of action + duration
quantity of drug to be administered
86
Q

T or F: DDS can alter the physiochemical and PK properties of API

A

T

87
Q

what is naked antibody targeting

A

unmodified antibodies used as BRMs, cytokine scavengers, receptor agonists/ antagonists, etc

88
Q

what is rituximab target? is it mono or polyclonal

A

monoclonal Aby that targets CD20+ B cells in RA

89
Q

antibody drug conjugates are

A

antibodies with targets that deliver drug cargo

90
Q

how to make antibody- drug conjugates

A

must use immunoconjugation strategies- only a small number of protein FG serve as practical targets for bioconjugation

91
Q

what protein FG can be targets for bioconjugation to add drugs onto Aby

A

primary amines
carboxyls
sulfhydryls
carbonyls

92
Q

what are theranostics in Aby

A

antibody isotope conjugates for imaging and therapy

93
Q

fusion proteins created through joining of 2 or more genes that originally coded for separate proteins describes

A

antibody fusion protein constructs

94
Q

how do antibody fusion protein constructs work

A

newly bound antibody and protein can act as decoy receptors for inflammatory proteins = bind and don’t activate complement to decrease inflammation

95
Q

abatacept uses __________ technology

A

antibody- fusion protein

96
Q

how are immunoliposomes made

A

vortex lipids with ethanol = forms unilamellar liposomes by extrusion through stacked polycarbonate membranes
post insertional technique to transfer targeting peptide into bilayer of liposome

97
Q

at what temperature are immunoliposomes made

A

stir at 37C for 5hrs, then 19h at room temp

98
Q

liposome release can be triggered by

A 
pH decrease
external alternating magnetic field
hyperthermia
light
ultrasound
99
Q

what are quadromas

A

bispecific/ bifunctional Aby for drug delivery targeting

100
Q

what are quadromas useful for

A

crosslinking 2 distinct targets

rapid immunodiagnostic kits

101
Q

what is the current chemical fusogen of choice for hybridomas

A

PEG

102
Q

T or F: immunization of mice to produce hybridomas require adjuvants

A

T

103
Q

viable hybridomas are ___ medium selected

A

HAT- a medium without functional thymidine analogues = only cells with active TK enzymes can survive

104
Q

do peptides and proteins penetrate the stratum corneum of the skin

A

no

105
Q

which of the following may result in metabolic inactivation before reaching systemic circulation + are limited by circulation to specific area

  1. IV
  2. IM
  3. SC
  4. Nasal
  5. buccal
A

2, 3

106
Q

which show greater heterogeneity, biologic drug products or small molecule drugs

A

biologic- protein folding + bonds

107
Q

which antibody therapy is more likely to have to be injected IV, dufliximab or yuzumumab?

A

dufliximab because it’s a mouse chimeric Aby = more likely to be recognized by immune system than yuzumumab a human antibody = must be injected IV instead of SQ

Y2S1 302 (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions