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A-level Computer Science > 1.3 > Flashcards

1.3 Flashcards

1
Q

1.3.3
1. Explain what HTML is
2. What are the 3 main tags that a html page is built up of?

A
  1. HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup language. HTML defines the structure and content of a webpage (1), using tags. (1)
  2. HTML elements consist of start and end tags. The document begins with <html> and ends with </html>. The information for the web browser is stored in <header> tags at the start.
    The main text begins with <body> and ends with </body>.
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2
Q

1.3.3
1. What is the <title> tag?
2. What is the <h> tag?
3. What is the <p> tag?</h></title>

A
  1. <title> defines the title of the document, a required tag which is text only, and is shown in the title bar or page tab.
    </title>
  2. The <h*> tags are used to define headings in order of importance and size.
  3. A <p> tag defines a paragraph. Browsers automatically add a single blank line before and after each <p> tag.
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3
Q

1.3.3
1. What is the <img></img> tag?
2. What is the <a> tag?
3. What are the list tags?</a>

A
  1. The <img></img> tag is used to embed an image in an HTML document.
    Images are not inserted into a web page, but, rather, linked to web pages. The <img></img> tag creates a holding space for the referenced image. The <img></img> tag required two attributes: ‘src’ specifies the file path of the image, and ‘alt’ specifies alternate text for the image in the event it cannot be displayed for some reason.
  2. The <a> tag defines a hyperlink, which is used to link one page to another. The most important attribute of the <a> tag is hired, which indicates the link’s destination. By default, links will appear as follows in all browsers: unvisited link - blue underlined, visited link - purple underlines, active link - red, underlined.</a></a>
  3. The <ol> tag defines an ordered list, which can be numerical or alphabetical. The <ul> tag defines an unordered (bulleted) list. The <li> is used to define each list item. The ol/ul tags go around the data, while the li tag wraps around each individual item in the list.
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4
Q

1.3.3
1. Explain what CSS is
2. How can CSS be used in your code?
3. How do you use identifiers in css to apply the css to the html?

A
  1. CSS defines the appearance of a webpage, (1) using selectors such as IDs and classes (1), which can be placed within the HTML or externally in a file. (1)
  2. CSS code can be included directly inside an HTML file; it is defined inside a <style> tag, but it will only affect the style of that page. By using separate, external style sheets, you can change the look of an entire site by amending one file. External CSS files are linked to an HTML file using the <link></link> tag. CSS can be used directly in html tags in this format: eg. <h1 style=“color: red;”> The #id selector can be used.</style>
  3. In a css file, to refer to different parts of the html, you can use class names, starting with a dot, or id identifiers, starting with a hashtag. To apply css properties to all of a specific html tag, such as h1, you simply state the name of the html element in the css file, instead of a class name.
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5
Q

1.3.3
1. Explain what JavaScript is
2. What are the form, input, and script tags?
3. What is the syntax for javascript?

A
  1. JavaScript is the programming language for the web, and it can be used to modify booth HTML and CSS. With JavaScript, you can calculate, manipulate and validate data.
  2. The form tag can be used to create HTML forms for user input.
    The input tag is used for simple text boxes and buttons.
    The script tag can be used to embed javascript code into the html file.
  3. Javascript syntax: command lines are ended with a semicolon. Curly brackets are used to define sections of code.
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6
Q

1.3.3
1. What is an hub?
2. What is a switch?
3. What is a repeater?

A
  1. Hub: When a device on a lan wants to send data to another device via a hub, the hub broadcasts the data to all the devices connected to the hub. Only the intended device should access the data, while the other devices should ignore it.
  2. Switch: Switches send data around a network, but only forward data to a specific device on the network using a unique MAC address, reducing collisions on the network.
  3. Repeater: A repeater strengthens wireless signals by taking a weakened signal and trying to refresh it as much as it can so that it can be sent along another distance.
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7
Q

1.3.3
1. What is an NIC?
2. What is a router?
3. What is a WAP?

A
  1. NIC (Network Interface Card): An NIC enables you to send and receive data to and from your computer. It can connect to wired or wireless networks, and has its own basic CPU to process transmitted data, and a ROM chip to store information about itself. Each NIC has a unique MAC address – 6 pairs or hexadecimal characters.
  2. Router: A wireless router consists of 3 devices – a switch, a router, and a wireless access point (WAP). The router can direct data packets to other machines on the LAN or other networks such as the internet.
  3. Wireless Access Point: A WAP is a networking hardware device that allows a Wi-Fi device to connect to a wired network.
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8
Q

1.3.2
1. What is a relationship in a database?
2. What are the types of relationships in relational databases?

A
  1. A link between two tables is known as a relationship. The way that relationships are drawn show how the tables are related to each other.
  2. In relational databases, relationships come in three forms: 1:1 (one-to-one), 1:M (one-to-many) and M:M (many-to-many).These relationships can be sketched out using an entity-relationship diagram (ERD).
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9
Q

1.3.2
1. Define database normalisation
2. Explain what the 1st, 2nd and 3rd normal form are

A
  1. Normalisation: the process of organising the data in a database into multiple related tables.
  2. The data depends on the key [1NF], the whole key [2NF], and nothing but the key [3NF].
    First normal form
    Each record is unique, ie. it has a primary key.
    Each data item cannot be broken down any further, eg. addresses should be broken up
    Each field has a unique name
    No fields that represent a group of data
    Second normal form
    Data is in the first normal form
    Non-key fields must depend on every part of the primary key
    Third normal form
    Data is in second normal form
    Non-key fields depend only on the primary key
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10
Q

1.3.2
1. What is a database?
2. What is a table, record and field?

A
  1. A database is an organized collection of data.
  2. Table: A set of data items arranged using vertical columns (identifiable by name) and horizontal rows.
    Record: A row in a database table which contains data about one instance of an entity.
    Field: A field is a column within a table that holds data of a specific type about one characteristic of the subject of the record.
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11
Q

1.3.2
What is a flat file database and what are the advantages and disadvantages of it?

A

A flat file database uses only one table.
Pros:
Easy to set up
Easy to use in code
Easy to share
Cons:
Data is inconsistent
Space is wasted through redundant data, as the same piece of data is stored multiple times
Cannot restrict certain fields to authenticated users

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12
Q

1.3.2
1. Define entity
2. Define attribute
3. Define relational database

A
  1. Entity: A single object, person, event or thing eg customers, appointments, products about which data is to be recorded. An entity is represented with one (or possibly more) database tables.
  2. Also known as a field or column.
  3. Relational database: A database that stores records in two or more tables. Records in one table can refer to records in another table to avoid duplicating data.
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13
Q

1.3.2
1. Define primary key
2. Define composite primary key
3. Define foreign key

A
  1. Primary key: A field that has a unique identifier (1) for every record in a table. (1) *try to give an example from the table if given one.
  2. Composite primary key: Sometimes two or even more attributes are needed to uniquely define a record. These attributes form a composite key.
  3. Foreign key: A primary key of one table which appears in another table. By doing this relationships between the tables are formed.
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14
Q

1.3.2
1. Define index (in databases)
2. Explain the types of relationships between tables, and describe the notation

A
  1. Index: A list of keys (or keywords), each of which identifies a unique record. Indices make it faster to find specific records and to sort records by the index field (the field used to identify each record).
  2. A relationship exists between two tables when one table has a foreign key that
    references the primary key of the other table.
    One-to-one - e.g. Husband and Wife (One husband has one wife)
    One-to-many - e.g. Mother and Child (One mother has many children)
    Many-to-many - e.g. Actor and Film (Many films have many actors)
    The notation is straight lines to go to one, and three branching out lines to go to many.
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15
Q

1.3.2
1. Define data integrity
2. Define referential integrity
3. Define query

A
  1. Data Integrity: The overall accuracy and completeness of data.
  2. Referential integrity: A foreign key must refer to an existing primary key. Referential integrity is violated when the primary key to which a foreign key refers no longer exists. A measure of the consistency of the data in a database.
  3. Query: is a request for data or information from a database table or combination of tables.
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16
Q

1.3.2
1. Define data redundancy
2. Explain what relational databases are
3. Define normalization

A
  1. Data redundancy: This occurs in database systems when the same piece of data exists in multiple places.
  2. A database with multiple related tables is called a relational database. Each table describes a single entity (a thing). Relationships between entities can be modelled using Entity Relationship diagrams.
  3. Normalisation: The process of structuring the data in a relational database according to formal rules, in order to avoid problems of data redundancy which leads to inconsistency and inaccuracy.
17
Q

1.3.2
1. What are the advantages and disadvantages of a relational database?
2. What is a secondary key?

A
  1. Pros
    Reduces duplication of data meaning easier to update, accurate, better consistency, less storage space
    Can set different access rights for each user for each table
    Can index fields for quicker searching and complex queries can be carried out
    Cons
    More difficult to correctly set up (you must normalise the data: setting it up to reduce data redundancy problems between different fields).
  2. A secondary key is a non key field which is indexed. An index is a small table, where the first column contains a copy of the primary or secondary key, and the second column contains a pointer for holding the address of the location where that specific record is stored.
18
Q
  1. How do you remove a table from a database?
  2. How do you update in SQL?
  3. What does the select statement do in SQL?
A
  1. DROP TABLE tableName
  3. The SQL select query lists the attributes of a record.
19
Q
  1. What is the difference between HTML id and class attributes?
  2. Why is knowing HTML necessary to build websites?
  3. What is knowledge of server side processing and databases useful for when building websites?
A
  1. Each id is unique – only one element can have a given id, whereas a class can be assigned to multiple elements.
  2. You cannot handcode web pages without html knowledge, and website builder tools often produce inefficient code that will need to be tweaked manually.
  3. Knowledge of server side processing allows the creation of dynamic websites, which is important for websites with changing content.
    Knowledge of databases allows websites to store and retrieve data. knowledge of databases and sql is useful if writing dynamic sites.
20
Q
  1. How do you create forms with inputs in html?
  2. What is the difference between HTML id or class attributes?
  3. What are the tags for text formatting?
A
  1. Html formatting:
    <b> - Bold text
    <i> - Italic text</i></b>
21
Q
  1. What are the advantages to a website’s owner and visitors for styling with attributes in tags, rather than a linked CSS file?
  2. What should you include when explaining the contents of a html tag?
A
  1. Site owner: Formatting code has to be rewritten for every page. Changes have to be made to every page. It is a lot of work to keep the look of the site consistent.
    Site visitors: The site is slower to access, as the formatting information is reloaded for every page. It is unlikely to have formatting specific to their device needs.
  2. When explaining what to include in a html tag, you should state it in this format: change the tag …, so it includes the attribute… which should have the value…

A-level Computer Science (8 decks)

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