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OCR GATEWAY BIO > 1.3 > Flashcards

1.3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is respiration ?

A

process of transferring energy from the breakdown of glucose

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2
Q

Describe cellular respiration

A

continuous process occurring in all living cells to release energy from glucose

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3
Q

why is cellular respiration considered a universal process

A

occurs in all living cells, providing energy for various metabolic processes

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4
Q

what is the role of ATP in cellular respiration

A

stores energy released during respiration and can be used for cellular activities

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5
Q

Explain the analogy between ATP and a rechargeable battery

A

stores and releases energy as needed

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6
Q

List three main uses of energy in the human body

A

chemical reactions
muscle contraction
maintaining body temperature

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7
Q

Can organisms use substances other than glucose for respiration? If so, name them.

A

yes
proteins lipids and carbohydrates

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8
Q

Differentiate between aerobic and anaerobic respiration

A

Aerobic respiration occurs in the presence of oxygen, while anaerobic respiration occurs in its absence.

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9
Q

How are the rate and efficiency of cellular respiration affected

A

temperature and pH

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10
Q

What controls cellular respiration?

A

enzymes

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11
Q

Is respiration endothermic or exothermic?

A

exothermic, transferring energy to the environment as heat.

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12
Q

How does cellular respiration contribute to the heat generated in our bodies during exercise?

A

releasing heat energy as a byproduct.

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13
Q

List the apparatus required for the experiment to demonstrate the production of heat during respiration

A
  1. Apparatus: Vacuum flasks, thermometer, cotton wool, germinating seeds, dead/boiled seeds.
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14
Q

Outline the method for conducting the experiment demonstrating the production of heat during respiration

A

Set up flasks with seeds,
plug with cotton wool,
invert,
record initial temperature,
wait 4 days,
record final temperature.

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15
Q

What are the expected results of the experiment demonstrating the production of heat during respiration ?

A

Expected results: Flask with germinating seeds (Flask B) shows increased temperature, while Flask A remains at room temperature.

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16
Q

Explain why Flask A remains at room temperature while Flask B shows an increase in temperature during the experiment demonstrating heat production during respiration

A

Flask A remains at room temperature because the seeds are dead and not respiring, while Flask B shows an increase in temperature due to respiration

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17
Q

What is aerobic respiration?

A

process that requires oxygen and involves breaking down nutrient molecules to release energy in cells.

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18
Q

How is aerobic respiration defined?

A

the chemical reaction in cells that uses oxygen to break down nutrient molecules to release energy.

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19
Q

What is the result of aerobic respiration?

A

complete breakdown of glucose, releasing a relatively large amount of energy for use in cell processes and reactions.

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20
Q

What is the main product of aerobic respiration?

A

ATP, which is generated in large amounts.

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21
Q

How many molecules of ATP can be produced per molecule of glucose during aerobic respiration?

A

32 molecules of ATP per molecule of glucose.

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22
Q
  1. What are the waste products of aerobic respiration?
A

carbon dioxide and water, along with the release of useful cellular energy.

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23
Q

Does aerobic respiration occur with or without oxygen?

A

Aerobic respiration requires oxygen to proceed

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24
Q

How does aerobic respiration differ from anaerobic respiration?

A

Aerobic respiration is the complete breakdown of glucose using oxygen, while anaerobic respiration occurs without oxygen.

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25
Q
  1. What is the significance of aerobic respiration in cellular processes
A

Aerobic respiration provides a large amount of energy in the form of ATP for various cell processes and reactions.

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26
Q

What is anaerobic respiration?

A

process that does not require oxygen and involves breaking down nutrient molecules to release energy in cells

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27
Q

How is anaerobic respiration defined?

A

the chemical reaction in cells that breaks down nutrient molecules to release energy without using oxygen.

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28
Q

How does the energy released in anaerobic respiration compare to aerobic respiration?

A

Anaerobic respiration releases much less energy than aerobic respiration as it involves the incomplete breakdown of glucose

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29
Q

How many molecules of ATP are produced for every molecule of glucose during anaerobic respiration?

A

Only 2 molecules of ATP are produced for every molecule of glucose during anaerobic respiration

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30
Q

Describe the difference in energy production between aerobic and anaerobic respiration.

A

Aerobic respiration produces more ATP compared to anaerobic respiration due to the complete breakdown of glucose in the presence of oxygen.

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31
Q

How does the process of anaerobic respiration differ between organisms?

A

The process of anaerobic respiration varies slightly in different organisms, leading to different breakdown products depending on whether it’s happening in animals or plants/fungi.

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32
Q

What are the breakdown products of anaerobic respiration in animals?

A

lactic acid or ethanol and carbon dioxide.

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33
Q

What are the breakdown products of anaerobic respiration in plants/fungi

A

ethanol and carbon dioxide.

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34
Q

Why is anaerobic respiration important for some organisms?

A

Anaerobic respiration is important for organisms that cannot access oxygen readily, allowing them to still generate some energy in the absence of oxygen.

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35
Q

Where does anaerobic respiration mainly take place in animals?

A

Anaerobic respiration mainly occurs in muscle cells during vigorous exercise.

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36
Q
  1. Why does anaerobic respiration occur in muscle cells during high-intensity exercise?
A

Anaerobic respiration occurs in muscle cells during high-intensity exercise because the demand for energy surpasses the oxygen supply available for aerobic respiration.

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37
Q

What happens when oxygen becomes a limiting factor during exercise?

A

When oxygen becomes limited, glucose is broken down without it, resulting in the production of lactic acid instead.

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38
Q

How does the energy release in anaerobic respiration compare to aerobic respiration?

A

Anaerobic respiration releases much less energy than aerobic respiration

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39
Q

How many molecules of ATP are produced for every molecule of glucose during anaerobic respiration?

A

Only 2 molecules of ATP are produced for every molecule of glucose during anaerobic respiration.

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40
Q
  1. What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration in animals?
A

Glucose is converted to lactic acid, and energy is released.

41
Q

equation for anaerobic respiration in animals

A

Glucose —> lactic acid
C6H1O6 —> 2C3H6O3

42
Q

anaerobic respiration in yeast

A

glucose —> alcohol + carbon dioxide
C6H12O6 —> 2C2H5OH + 2CO2

43
Q

aerobic respiration in animals

A

glucose + oxygen —> carbon dioxide + water
C6H12O6 + 6O2 —> 6CO2 + 6H2O

44
Q

What happens in muscle cells during strenuous exercise?

A

Lactic acid builds up in muscle cells, lowering the pH of the muscle tissue and making the conditions more acidic.

45
Q

What effect can acidic conditions have on cells?

A

Acidic conditions can denature the enzymes in cells, affecting their function

46
Q

How is lactic acid eventually broken down in muscle cells?

A

using oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water as waste products.

47
Q

What is the term for the amount of oxygen required to break down the accumulated lactic acid?

A

oxygen debt.’

48
Q

What is the process called when the oxygen debt is repaid

A

repaying the oxygen debt.

49
Q

Why does lactic acid build up during strenuous exercise?

A

the demand for energy exceeds the supply of oxygen available for aerobic respiration.

50
Q

What are the waste products produced when lactic acid is broken down using oxygen?

A

carbon dioxide and water.

51
Q

How does the accumulation of lactic acid affect muscle function?

A

can interfere with muscle function, contributing to muscle fatigue and discomfort during exercise

52
Q
  1. Why is it important to repay the oxygen debt after exercise?
A

to restore normal physiological conditions in muscle cells, prevent muscle fatigue, and facilitate recovery after exercise.

53
Q
  1. How does understanding lactic acid buildup and oxygen debt help in sports performance?
A

Understanding lactic acid buildup and oxygen debt can help athletes optimize their training and recovery strategies to improve endurance and performance

54
Q

Can plants and fungi undergo anaerobic respiration?

A

Yes, plants and fungi can respire anaerobically, breaking down glucose in the absence of oxygen to produce ethanol and carbon dioxide.

55
Q

Under what conditions do plants need to utilize anaerobic respiration?

A

Plants need to utilize anaerobic respiration when they are in waterlogged soil, where there is little or no oxygen available.

56
Q

What is the term for anaerobic respiration in yeast?

A

fermentation.

57
Q

. How is fermentation economically important in the food industry?

A

the manufacture of bread (where the carbon dioxide produced helps the dough to rise) and in brewing (where the ethanol produced makes beer).

58
Q

What is the main requirement for aerobic respiration?

A

Oxygen is needed for aerobic respiration.

59
Q

What is the main product of aerobic respiration?i

A

are carbon dioxide and water.

60
Q

How does aerobic respiration break down glucose?

A

Aerobic respiration involves the complete breakdown of glucose.

61
Q

How much energy is released in aerobic respiration

A

A lot of energy is released in aerobic respiration.

62
Q

What is the main difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration in terms of oxygen requirement?

A

Oxygen is needed for aerobic respiration, while it is not needed for anaerobic respiration.

63
Q

How is glucose broken down in anaerobic respiration?

A
  1. Anaerobic respiration involves the incomplete breakdown of glucose
64
Q

What are the waste products of anaerobic respiration in animal cells?

A

lactic acid.

65
Q

What are the waste products of anaerobic respiration in yeast?

A

carbon dioxide and ethanol.

66
Q
  1. How much energy is released in anaerobic respiration compared to aerobic respiration?
A

Anaerobic respiration releases relatively little energy compared to aerobic respiration

67
Q

What elements do carbohydrate molecules contain?

A

carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

68
Q
  1. How are carbohydrates broken down in the human body?
A

by enzymes in the mouth and small intestine

69
Q

What are the different groups into which carbohydrates can be classified?

A

monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides.

70
Q

What are monosaccharides?

A

simple sugars consisting of a single monomer unit, such as glucose or fructose

71
Q

How is energy released from glucose molecules in respiration?

A

Energy is released from glucose molecules in respiration by breaking the bonds between the carbon atoms.

72
Q

What is a disaccharide?

A

A disaccharide is formed when two monosaccharides join together.

73
Q
  1. Give examples of disaccharides and their constituent monosaccharides.
A

Maltose is formed from two glucose molecules, sucrose is formed from one glucose and one fructose molecule

74
Q

What is a polysaccharide?

A

A polysaccharide is formed when lots of monomer units join together in long chains to form a polymer.

75
Q

What are some examples of polysaccharides and their constituent monosaccharides?

A
  1. Starch, glycogen, and cellulose are all formed from glucose molecules
76
Q
  1. Why are polysaccharides useful as storage molecules?
A

Polysaccharides are insoluble and therefore useful as storage molecules.

77
Q

What are proteins made of?

A

polymers formed from long chains of monomers called amino acids joined together

78
Q

What elements do amino acids contain?

A

carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms

79
Q

How many standard amino acids make up all the proteins found in the human body?

A

20

80
Q

. How are amino acids arranged in proteins?

A

Amino acids can be arranged in any order, resulting in hundreds of thousands of different proteins

81
Q

Can you give examples of proteins found in the human body?

A

enzymes, hemoglobin, ligaments, and keratin.

82
Q

How are proteins broken down in the human body?

A

Proteins that we ingest are broken down into constituent amino acids by enzymes in the stomach and small intestine.

83
Q

What happens to the amino acids after proteins are broken down?

A

The amino acids can then be used in the synthesis of new proteins.

84
Q

How does protein shape influence its function?

A

Different proteins have different amino acid sequences, resulting in the peptide chain folding into different shapes. The function of a protein is determined by its shape.

85
Q

What happens if there is a difference in the amino acid sequence of a protein?

A

Even a small difference in the amino acid sequence will result in a completely different protein being formed.

86
Q
  1. How do proteins achieve their unique 3-D shape?
A

Every protein has a unique 3-D shape that enables it to carry out its function, determined by the specific arrangement of amino acids in the peptide chain

87
Q

What are lipids made up of?

A

are made up of triglycerides, which consist of one glycerol molecule chemically bonded to three fatty acid chains.

88
Q

What are the elements present in lipids?

A

carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms.

89
Q

How are lipids different from carbohydrates and proteins in terms of polymer formation?

A

Unlike carbohydrates and proteins, lipids do not form polymers; they do not form long chains of repeating sub-units.

90
Q

How are lipids classified based on their physical state at room temperature?

A

Lipids are divided into fats (solids at room temperature) and oils (liquids at room temperature).

91
Q

How are lipids broken down in the human body?

A

lipases in the small intestine.

92
Q

What is the basic structure of a triglyceride?

A

consists of one glycerol molecule chemically bonded to three fatty acid chains.

93
Q

Can you describe the structure of a triglyceride?

A

A triglyceride consists of a glycerol molecule bonded to three fatty acid chains.

94
Q

What are the differences between fats and oils?

A

Fats are solids at room temperature, while oils are liquids at room temperature.

95
Q

Why are lipids important in the human body?

A

Lipids play crucial roles in energy storage, insulation, protection of organs, and hormone production.

96
Q

How do lipids contribute to the diet and nutrition?

A

Lipids provide essential fatty acids and fat-soluble vitamins, contribute to flavor and texture in foods, and help with the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins

97
Q

What is Benedict’s test used for?

A

to detect the presence of reducing sugars in a sample

98
Q

What are reducing sugars?

A

Reducing sugars include simple sugars like glucose and some disaccharides like maltose that can donate electrons to other molecules.

OCR GATEWAY BIO (5 decks)

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