1.3 Flashcards
What is respiration ?
process of transferring energy from the breakdown of glucose
Describe cellular respiration
continuous process occurring in all living cells to release energy from glucose
why is cellular respiration considered a universal process
occurs in all living cells, providing energy for various metabolic processes
what is the role of ATP in cellular respiration
stores energy released during respiration and can be used for cellular activities
Explain the analogy between ATP and a rechargeable battery
stores and releases energy as needed
List three main uses of energy in the human body
chemical reactions
muscle contraction
maintaining body temperature
Can organisms use substances other than glucose for respiration? If so, name them.
yes
proteins lipids and carbohydrates
Differentiate between aerobic and anaerobic respiration
Aerobic respiration occurs in the presence of oxygen, while anaerobic respiration occurs in its absence.
How are the rate and efficiency of cellular respiration affected
temperature and pH
What controls cellular respiration?
enzymes
Is respiration endothermic or exothermic?
exothermic, transferring energy to the environment as heat.
How does cellular respiration contribute to the heat generated in our bodies during exercise?
releasing heat energy as a byproduct.
List the apparatus required for the experiment to demonstrate the production of heat during respiration
- Apparatus: Vacuum flasks, thermometer, cotton wool, germinating seeds, dead/boiled seeds.
Outline the method for conducting the experiment demonstrating the production of heat during respiration
Set up flasks with seeds,
plug with cotton wool,
invert,
record initial temperature,
wait 4 days,
record final temperature.
What are the expected results of the experiment demonstrating the production of heat during respiration ?
Expected results: Flask with germinating seeds (Flask B) shows increased temperature, while Flask A remains at room temperature.
Explain why Flask A remains at room temperature while Flask B shows an increase in temperature during the experiment demonstrating heat production during respiration
Flask A remains at room temperature because the seeds are dead and not respiring, while Flask B shows an increase in temperature due to respiration
What is aerobic respiration?
process that requires oxygen and involves breaking down nutrient molecules to release energy in cells.
How is aerobic respiration defined?
the chemical reaction in cells that uses oxygen to break down nutrient molecules to release energy.
What is the result of aerobic respiration?
complete breakdown of glucose, releasing a relatively large amount of energy for use in cell processes and reactions.
What is the main product of aerobic respiration?
ATP, which is generated in large amounts.
How many molecules of ATP can be produced per molecule of glucose during aerobic respiration?
32 molecules of ATP per molecule of glucose.
- What are the waste products of aerobic respiration?
carbon dioxide and water, along with the release of useful cellular energy.
Does aerobic respiration occur with or without oxygen?
Aerobic respiration requires oxygen to proceed
How does aerobic respiration differ from anaerobic respiration?
Aerobic respiration is the complete breakdown of glucose using oxygen, while anaerobic respiration occurs without oxygen.
- What is the significance of aerobic respiration in cellular processes
Aerobic respiration provides a large amount of energy in the form of ATP for various cell processes and reactions.
What is anaerobic respiration?
process that does not require oxygen and involves breaking down nutrient molecules to release energy in cells
How is anaerobic respiration defined?
the chemical reaction in cells that breaks down nutrient molecules to release energy without using oxygen.
How does the energy released in anaerobic respiration compare to aerobic respiration?
Anaerobic respiration releases much less energy than aerobic respiration as it involves the incomplete breakdown of glucose
How many molecules of ATP are produced for every molecule of glucose during anaerobic respiration?
Only 2 molecules of ATP are produced for every molecule of glucose during anaerobic respiration
Describe the difference in energy production between aerobic and anaerobic respiration.
Aerobic respiration produces more ATP compared to anaerobic respiration due to the complete breakdown of glucose in the presence of oxygen.
How does the process of anaerobic respiration differ between organisms?
The process of anaerobic respiration varies slightly in different organisms, leading to different breakdown products depending on whether it’s happening in animals or plants/fungi.
What are the breakdown products of anaerobic respiration in animals?
lactic acid or ethanol and carbon dioxide.
What are the breakdown products of anaerobic respiration in plants/fungi
ethanol and carbon dioxide.
Why is anaerobic respiration important for some organisms?
Anaerobic respiration is important for organisms that cannot access oxygen readily, allowing them to still generate some energy in the absence of oxygen.
Where does anaerobic respiration mainly take place in animals?
Anaerobic respiration mainly occurs in muscle cells during vigorous exercise.
- Why does anaerobic respiration occur in muscle cells during high-intensity exercise?
Anaerobic respiration occurs in muscle cells during high-intensity exercise because the demand for energy surpasses the oxygen supply available for aerobic respiration.
What happens when oxygen becomes a limiting factor during exercise?
When oxygen becomes limited, glucose is broken down without it, resulting in the production of lactic acid instead.
How does the energy release in anaerobic respiration compare to aerobic respiration?
Anaerobic respiration releases much less energy than aerobic respiration
How many molecules of ATP are produced for every molecule of glucose during anaerobic respiration?
Only 2 molecules of ATP are produced for every molecule of glucose during anaerobic respiration.
- What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration in animals?
Glucose is converted to lactic acid, and energy is released.
equation for anaerobic respiration in animals
Glucose —> lactic acid
C6H1O6 —> 2C3H6O3
anaerobic respiration in yeast
glucose —> alcohol + carbon dioxide
C6H12O6 —> 2C2H5OH + 2CO2
aerobic respiration in animals
glucose + oxygen —> carbon dioxide + water
C6H12O6 + 6O2 —> 6CO2 + 6H2O
What happens in muscle cells during strenuous exercise?
Lactic acid builds up in muscle cells, lowering the pH of the muscle tissue and making the conditions more acidic.
What effect can acidic conditions have on cells?
Acidic conditions can denature the enzymes in cells, affecting their function
How is lactic acid eventually broken down in muscle cells?
using oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water as waste products.
What is the term for the amount of oxygen required to break down the accumulated lactic acid?
oxygen debt.’
What is the process called when the oxygen debt is repaid
repaying the oxygen debt.
Why does lactic acid build up during strenuous exercise?
the demand for energy exceeds the supply of oxygen available for aerobic respiration.
What are the waste products produced when lactic acid is broken down using oxygen?
carbon dioxide and water.
How does the accumulation of lactic acid affect muscle function?
can interfere with muscle function, contributing to muscle fatigue and discomfort during exercise
- Why is it important to repay the oxygen debt after exercise?
to restore normal physiological conditions in muscle cells, prevent muscle fatigue, and facilitate recovery after exercise.
- How does understanding lactic acid buildup and oxygen debt help in sports performance?
Understanding lactic acid buildup and oxygen debt can help athletes optimize their training and recovery strategies to improve endurance and performance
Can plants and fungi undergo anaerobic respiration?
Yes, plants and fungi can respire anaerobically, breaking down glucose in the absence of oxygen to produce ethanol and carbon dioxide.
Under what conditions do plants need to utilize anaerobic respiration?
Plants need to utilize anaerobic respiration when they are in waterlogged soil, where there is little or no oxygen available.
What is the term for anaerobic respiration in yeast?
fermentation.
. How is fermentation economically important in the food industry?
the manufacture of bread (where the carbon dioxide produced helps the dough to rise) and in brewing (where the ethanol produced makes beer).
What is the main requirement for aerobic respiration?
Oxygen is needed for aerobic respiration.
What is the main product of aerobic respiration?i
are carbon dioxide and water.
How does aerobic respiration break down glucose?
Aerobic respiration involves the complete breakdown of glucose.
How much energy is released in aerobic respiration
A lot of energy is released in aerobic respiration.
What is the main difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration in terms of oxygen requirement?
Oxygen is needed for aerobic respiration, while it is not needed for anaerobic respiration.
How is glucose broken down in anaerobic respiration?
- Anaerobic respiration involves the incomplete breakdown of glucose
What are the waste products of anaerobic respiration in animal cells?
lactic acid.
What are the waste products of anaerobic respiration in yeast?
carbon dioxide and ethanol.
- How much energy is released in anaerobic respiration compared to aerobic respiration?
Anaerobic respiration releases relatively little energy compared to aerobic respiration
What elements do carbohydrate molecules contain?
carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
- How are carbohydrates broken down in the human body?
by enzymes in the mouth and small intestine
What are the different groups into which carbohydrates can be classified?
monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides.
What are monosaccharides?
simple sugars consisting of a single monomer unit, such as glucose or fructose
How is energy released from glucose molecules in respiration?
Energy is released from glucose molecules in respiration by breaking the bonds between the carbon atoms.
What is a disaccharide?
A disaccharide is formed when two monosaccharides join together.
- Give examples of disaccharides and their constituent monosaccharides.
Maltose is formed from two glucose molecules, sucrose is formed from one glucose and one fructose molecule
What is a polysaccharide?
A polysaccharide is formed when lots of monomer units join together in long chains to form a polymer.
What are some examples of polysaccharides and their constituent monosaccharides?
- Starch, glycogen, and cellulose are all formed from glucose molecules
- Why are polysaccharides useful as storage molecules?
Polysaccharides are insoluble and therefore useful as storage molecules.
What are proteins made of?
polymers formed from long chains of monomers called amino acids joined together
What elements do amino acids contain?
carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms
How many standard amino acids make up all the proteins found in the human body?
20
. How are amino acids arranged in proteins?
Amino acids can be arranged in any order, resulting in hundreds of thousands of different proteins
Can you give examples of proteins found in the human body?
enzymes, hemoglobin, ligaments, and keratin.
How are proteins broken down in the human body?
Proteins that we ingest are broken down into constituent amino acids by enzymes in the stomach and small intestine.
What happens to the amino acids after proteins are broken down?
The amino acids can then be used in the synthesis of new proteins.
How does protein shape influence its function?
Different proteins have different amino acid sequences, resulting in the peptide chain folding into different shapes. The function of a protein is determined by its shape.
What happens if there is a difference in the amino acid sequence of a protein?
Even a small difference in the amino acid sequence will result in a completely different protein being formed.
- How do proteins achieve their unique 3-D shape?
Every protein has a unique 3-D shape that enables it to carry out its function, determined by the specific arrangement of amino acids in the peptide chain
What are lipids made up of?
are made up of triglycerides, which consist of one glycerol molecule chemically bonded to three fatty acid chains.
What are the elements present in lipids?
carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms.
How are lipids different from carbohydrates and proteins in terms of polymer formation?
Unlike carbohydrates and proteins, lipids do not form polymers; they do not form long chains of repeating sub-units.
How are lipids classified based on their physical state at room temperature?
Lipids are divided into fats (solids at room temperature) and oils (liquids at room temperature).
How are lipids broken down in the human body?
lipases in the small intestine.
What is the basic structure of a triglyceride?
consists of one glycerol molecule chemically bonded to three fatty acid chains.
Can you describe the structure of a triglyceride?
A triglyceride consists of a glycerol molecule bonded to three fatty acid chains.
What are the differences between fats and oils?
Fats are solids at room temperature, while oils are liquids at room temperature.
Why are lipids important in the human body?
Lipids play crucial roles in energy storage, insulation, protection of organs, and hormone production.
How do lipids contribute to the diet and nutrition?
Lipids provide essential fatty acids and fat-soluble vitamins, contribute to flavor and texture in foods, and help with the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins
What is Benedict’s test used for?
to detect the presence of reducing sugars in a sample
What are reducing sugars?
Reducing sugars include simple sugars like glucose and some disaccharides like maltose that can donate electrons to other molecules.
