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1.3 Flashcards

1
Q

THE ROOTS OF
CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY

As far back as the ______
(
7
,000
years ago and maybe even as long as
50
,000 years ago), humans tried to cure
one another of various mental problems
.

A

Stone Age

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2
Q

Most ____ had medicine
men or women, known as shamans
,
who would treat the possessed by
driving out the demons with elaborate
rituals, such as exorcisms, incantations,
and prayers
.

A

prehistoric cultures

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3
Q

A prehistoric practice which involves
drilling
a small hole in
a person’s skull,
usually less than an inch in diameter
.

A

TREPHINATION

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4
Q

was thought to
be evil spirits trying to get out
.

A

Abnormal behavior

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5
Q

Abnormal behavior was thought to
be evil spirits trying to get out
.
➢ To release the spirits and demons
that possessed the afflicted person
.
➢ To heal
a brain injury

A

TREPHINATION

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6
Q

➢In 500
–300
B
.
C
.
, _____
(often called the father of medicine)
emphasized what is now known as
a
biopsychosocial approach to
understanding both physical and
psychological disorders (i
.
e
.
,
biological, psychological, and social
influences on health and illness
must be considered)
.

A

Hippocrates

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7
Q

THE BODILY
FLUIDS
(HUMUORS)
THEORY

Blood, Yellow
Bile, Black Bile, Phlegm

A

Humor

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8
Q

Sanguine, Choleric, Melancholic, Phlegmatic

A

Temperament

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9
Q

enthusiastic, active, and
social
short-tempered, fast, or
irritable
analytical, wise, and
quiet
relaxed and peaceful

A

Characteristics

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10
Q

In 427
-247
B
.C, Plato emphasized the role
of societal forces and psychological needs
in the development and alleviation of mental
disorders
.
Madness and ignorance for _____ were
diseases of the mind brought about by the
body
.
In 384

A

Plato

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11
Q

In 384
-322
B
.
C _____ emphasized the
biological determinants of mental disorders
.
Mental illness arises around the heart when
the soul, whatever its exact physical nature,
is disturbed by abnormal bodily condition
.
_____ notes that medication (pharmakeia) is used to cure the ‘deranged’
of their bizarre beliefs

A

Aristotle

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12
Q

In the late 1500s, ______ proposed
that mental and physical
illnesses were caused by
natural forces and that the
extreme manifestations of
mental disturbances such as
psychotic behavior were not
caused by witchcraft or by
satanic possession
.

A

St.
Vincent de Paul

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13
Q

The dominant approach to the treatment
of mental illness in Europe and North
America in the subsequent centuries was
anything inhumane. Those suffering from
severe mental illness were isolated in
asylums.
➢ Treatments consisted of time-honored
approaches to calming extreme behavior
such as bleeding with knives or leeches
(this was believed to reduce excitation
due to an excess of blood) or immersion
in frigid water.

A

ASYLUMS

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14
Q

During the period of the
Enlightenment, reformer
_______, the director of a major asylum in Paris in the
late 1700s, ordered that the
chains be removed from all
mental patients and that
patients be treated humanely
.

A

Philippe Pinel

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15
Q

Around the same time in England,
_____ advocated the
development of hospitals based on
modern ideas of appropriate care
and established a country retreat in
which patients lived and worked.

A

William Tuke

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16
Q

➢In the United States,
promoted the
use of moral therapy with the
mentally ill (a treatment
philosophy that encouraged
the use of compassion and
patience rather than physical
punishment or restraints)
.

A

Benjamin Rush

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17
Q

About this time, within European
medicine the specialty of
neurology was growing rapidly
➢ _________, in France, is
credited with being the primary
developer of clinical neurology. As
his fame grew, so did his
emphasis on the role of
psychological factors in hysteria.
1

A

Jean Martin Charcot

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18
Q

HISTORY OF
ASSESSMENT
IN
CLINICAL
PSYCHOLOGY

By the latter part of the 1800s, _____ studied individual differences
among people, especially differences in
motor skills and reaction times, which he
believed were related to differences in
intelligence.

A

Francis
Galton

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19
Q

________ focused
scientific attention on the connection
between reaction time and intelligence.
He is credited with coining the term
mental tests to describe the battery of
tests and tasks he developed to
evaluate people’s cognitive functioning.

A

James McKeen Catell

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20
Q

1879
, Germany
: Measurement
. ______ opens the first psychology laboratory
measuring sensory processes
.

A

Wilhem
Wundt

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21
Q

1899
, Germany
: Diagnosis
. ____________
develops the first diagnostic system
.

A

Emil Kraepelin

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22
Q

_____called the groups of symptoms
that frequently co
-occurred syndromes

A

Kraepelin

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23
Q

The presence of
a single symptom was
considered of little value in determining the
______ suffered by the
patient
.

A

nature of the disorder

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24
Q

His classification of what is now known as
_______ was one of his major
accomplishments
.

A

schizophrenia

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25
Q

BINET-SIMON SCALE
OF INTELLIGENCE

1905, France: Intelligence testing.
_______ & ________ develop a test to
assess intellectual abilities in school children.

A

Alfred
Binet and Theodore Simon

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26
Q

STANDFORD
-BINET
INTELLIGENCE TEST

➢In 1916, _______
published
a modification of this
scale for use in the United
States––the Stanford
-Binet
Intelligence Test––that was the
first widely available,
scientifically based test of
human intelligence
.

A

Lewis Terman

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27
Q

ARMY ALPHA &
ARMY BETHA
TESTS
1917, United States:
Intelligence testing.
______& _______ tests
developed to select soldiers.

A

Army Alpha and Army Beta

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28
Q

test for verbal
mental abilities

A

Army Alpha

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29
Q

test for
nonverbal mental abilities

A

Army Beta

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30
Q

1920s, Switzerland: Projective testing of personality. _______ publishes a book on the interpretation of inkblots.

A

Hermann
Rorschach

31
Q

WECHSLER
SCALES
➢1939
, United States
: Intelligence
testing
. _______ develops the
Wechsler
-Bellevue test of adult
intelligence
.

A

David Wechsler

32
Q

➢He subsequently developed _____ for the entire age range (Wechsler
Preschool and Primary Scale of
Intelligence, Wechsler Intelligence Scale
for Children, Wechsler Adult Intelligence
Scale) and the most commonly used
general measure of memory (Wechsler
Memory Scale)
.

A

intelligence
tests

33
Q

➢The _______ are considered the
gold standard in the assessment of
intellectual abilities
.

A

Wechsler scales

34
Q

1940s, United States:
Projective testing of
personality. ______
and ______
publish the Thematic
Apperception Test.

A

Henry Murray
Christina Morgan

35
Q

1943, United States: Actuarial assessment
of personality. _______
publishes the Minnesota Multiphasic
Personality Inventory (MMPI).

A

Starke Hathaway

36
Q

PRACTICUM &
INTERSHIP
1946, United States:
Development of psychological
services. The _______ begins providing
practicum and internship training
for psychologists, initially in
assessment and then in
treatment.

A

Veterans
Administration

37
Q

Diagnostic and Statistical
Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM)

1952, United States: Diagnosis.
________ publishes Diagnostic
and Statistical Manual of Mental
Disorders.

A

American Psychiatric
Association

38
Q

1954
, United States
: Challenge to
clinical decision
-making
. ______
distinguishes between statistical and
clinical decision
-making
.

A

Paul Meehl

39
Q

1968
, United States
: Challenge to
personality assessment
. _______
proposes an alternative behavioral
approach to assessment
.

A

Walter Mischel

40
Q

Initial behavioral approaches to assessment
involved the identification of specific behaviors
deemed to be central to the person’s distress,
either by virtue of being
a key symptom that
should be changed in therapy or by being
a
central factor responsible for causing and/or
maintaining the person’s distress
.

A
41
Q

1968, United States: Diagnosis.
American Psychiatric Association
publishes the second edition of
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual
of Mental Disorders.

A
42
Q

➢1970s, United States: Dimensional approach
to child problems. ______ publish empirically
based rating scales of child problems.
2

A

Thomas Achenbach, Herbert
Quay, and Keith Conners

43
Q

In the 1980s, the publication of the third
edition of the American Psychiatric
Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical
Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) led to
increased attention on the value of structured
interview approaches to gathering diagnostic
information.

A
44
Q

1990s, Worldwide: Increasing incorporation
of behavioral assessment techniques into
_____

A

typical assessment practices.

45
Q

Worldwide:
Widespread
use of
computers for
scoring and
interpreting
psychological
test results.

A

1990s

46
Q

United States:
Diagnosis.
American
Psychiatric
Association
publishes the
fourth edition of
Diagnostic and
Statistical
Manual of
Mental
Disorders.

A

1994

47
Q

Worldwide:
Increased
attention to the
development
of countryspecific norms
for commonly
used
measures of
intelligence.

A

2000s

48
Q

United States
& Canada:
Increased
attention to
the principles
of evidencebased
assessment
in the
selection and
use of
assessment
instruments.

A

2000s

49
Q

United States:
Diagnosis.
The American
Psychiatric
Association
publishes the
fifth edition of
Diagnostic
and Statistical
Manual of
Mental
Disorders.

A

2013

50
Q

The _______ development effort started in Spring
2019 and involved more than 200 experts, the
majority of whom were involved in the development
of DSM-5.

A

DSM-5-TR

51
Q

______ review groups (Culture, Sex and
Gender, Suicide, and Forensic) reviewed all the
chapters, focusing on material involving their specific
expertise.

A

Four cross-cutting

52
Q

Necessary clarifications to certain diagnostic criteria were
reviewed and approved by the ______ as well as the APA Assembly and Board of Trustees. DSM5-TR was published in March 2022.

A

DSM Steering Committee,

53
Q

Another important change in psychological
assessment has been the increased attention to the
relevance of ______ for treatment planning
and treatment evaluation.

A

assessment data

54
Q

Clinical Utility

A

First issue

55
Q

Service Evaluation

A

Second issue

56
Q

Whereas many clinical psychology measures were
developed to give a broadly based psychological
picture of the whole person, current assessment
practices require that measures focus on specific
problems (or strengths), that they are brief, and that
they are amenable to repeated use.

A
57
Q

HISTORY OF
INTERVENTION
IN
CLINICAL
PSYCHOLOGY

1896, United States:
______ opens the
first psychology clinic at the
University of Pennsylvania
and is widely credited with
introducing the term “clinical
psychology”

A

Lightner Witmer

58
Q

1900
–1930
s
, Europe,
United States, United
Kingdom
: Development
of psychoanalytic
approaches
.
➢ ______ is
credited with developing
the first elaborated
approach to the
psychotherapeutic
treatment of common
psychological difficulties
.

A

Sigmund Freud

59
Q

1920
s
, United States
:
First behavioral
treatment of anxiety by
______
.
➢ It wasn’t until the 1970’s
that Jones was given her
nickname “The Mother
of Behavioral Therapy”

A

Mary Cover Jones

60
Q

1940s, United States &
Europe: Increased demand
for services to deal with warrelated distress.

1942, United States: _____
published Counseling and
Psychotherapy, introducing a clientcentered approach.

A

Carl Rogers

61
Q

1952
, England
: ______ publishes
a
review questioning the
usefulness of
psychotherapy with
adults
.

A

Hans
Eysenck

62
Q

United States_____ publishes
a
review questioning the
usefulness of
psychotherapy with
children
.

A

: Eugene
Levitt

63
Q

South Africa:_____ publishes an
article on the behavioral
treatment of phobias
.

A

: Joseph
Wolpe

64
Q

1977, United States: Aaron Beck, John
Rush, Brian Shaw, and Gary Emery publish
Cognitive Therapy for Depression.
➢ United States: Smith, Glass, and Miller
publish Effects of Psychotherapy, providing
results of a meta-analytic review of
treatment for adults.

A
65
Q

1998
, United States
:
_______
publish
A Guide to
Treatments that Work.

A

Nathan and Gorman

66
Q

2005
, United States
:
American Psychological
Association adopts
a
policy on evidence
-
based practice in
psychology

A
67
Q

1987, United States: _______publish a metaanalytic review of treatment for children and adolescents.

A

Weisz, Weiss, Alicke, and Klotz

68
Q

United States: American Psychological Association, Division of
Clinical Psychology defines criteria to evaluate degree of empirical
support for treatments.

A
69
Q

1995, United States: American Psychological Association adopts a
model psychotropic medication prescription bill and a training
curriculum in psychopharmacology for psychologists.

A
70
Q

United Kingdom: _______ publish What Works for Whom? A
Critical Review of Psychotherapy Research.

A

Roth and Fonagy

71
Q

Unfortunately, the history of prevention efforts in
clinical psychology is much ______ than the history
of assessment or intervention. This is because, as
outlined above, the profession of clinical psychology
started with an assessment focus and then added
the dimension of intervention.

A

shorter

72
Q

Clinical psychologists now frequently play an
important role in public health initiatives to change
lifestyle-related illnesses

A
73
Q

_______ was predicted to
have the greatest influence n the specialty
area of clinical child and adolescent
psychology (James and Roberts, 2009)

A

Evidence-based practice

74
Q

A similar prediction about the impact of
evidence-based practice on all of
professional psychology was made by Bray
in his 2009 APA presidential address.

A

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